• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 1971

Studies were carried out to investigate the main fermentation microorganisms and their flora changes during Korean native soy-sauce fermentation. Korean native Maeju loaves collected from 5 Do's were separated into surface and inner parts. Four different soy-sauces-the surface part Maeju fermented soy-sauce, the inner part, the surface and inner part combined Maeju fermented soy-sauce, and the semi-Japanese type soy-sauce were fermented and the changes of fermentation microorganism flora and the various chemical components during the period of their fermentations were studied. Besides, 14 home-made soy-sauces collected from 14 different places all over Korea were examined in comparison with the laboratory soy-sauces and to determine the characteristics of Korean native soy-sauce. The results were as follows: 1. The main microorganisms in Korean native soy-sauce fermentation were determined as; Aerobic bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus Lactic acid bacteria: Pediococcus halophilus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides Yeasts: Torulopsis datila, Saccharomyces rouxii 2. Microflora changes during Korean native soy-sauce fermentation were as follows; Aerobic bacteria increased until the 2nd week of fermentation and then gradually decreased. The lactic acid bacteria increased until the 3rd week, after which decreased. When the lactic acid fermentation lowered the pH value to below the 5.4, yeasts were able to grow and participate the fermentation. As the production of organic acids amounted, to a certain height, the growth of all microorganisms lead to the period of decline or death at about the 2nd month of fermentation. After boiling of soy-sauce most microorganisms except a few of Bacillus sp. disappeared. Occosionally yeasts and lactic acid bacteria survived depending upon the composition of soy-sauce. 3. Changes of general chemical components influencing the microflora were investigated for the period of Korean native soy-sauce fermentation. Tetal acidity, salt concentration and total nitrogen were increasing steadily over the entire period of fermentation. pH values were dropping to a certain degree of about 4.5. Salt concentration and pH value seemed to be the important factors influencing the microflora. 4. The microflora were influenced by chemical components of soy-sauce. Aerobic bacteria were able to survive in all soy-sauce as they made spores. Growth of lactic acid bacteria was inhited at 23-26% of salt concentration and pH 4.8. Soy-sauce yeasts started to grow only at pH below 5.4 and seemed to be inhibited at around 26% of salt concentration under pH 4.5-4.7. 5. The open kettle boiling of soy-sauce, the characteristic process of Korean native soy-sauce manufacturing, was effective to sterilize microorganisms, increase the salt concentration, and coagulate proteins. 6. The average viable cell counts of microorganism found in collected samples of home-made Korean native soy-sauces were; Aerobic bacteria: $53{\times}10^2\;cell/ml$ Lactic acid bacteria: 34 cell/ml Yeasts: 14 cell/ml The average values of chemical compositions of samples of home-made Korean native soy-sauce were; Salt concentration: 28.9% pH value: 4.79 Total acidity(lactic acid): 0.91g/100ml Total nitrogen: 1.09g/100ml

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.36-42
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to develop low-fat/reduced-salt sausages (LFRSS; <3% fat and <1.5% salt) containing milk protein (whey protein concentrate, WPC, or sodium caseinate, SC) that showed the similar cooking yield and textural characteristics to those of regular-fat/salt sausage control (RFC; 20% fat and 1.5% salt) or low-fat sausage control (LFC; <3% fat and 1.5% salt). Low-fat sausages (LFS) were formulated with a 2.5% fat replacer (konjac flour:carrageenan:soy protein isolate=1:1:3) and various salt levels (0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5%). LFS had differences in color and expressible moisture (EM, %) values as compared to those of RFC. A minimum salt level of 1% and addition of nonmeat proteins were required to manufacture LFRSS that have similar characteristics to those of RFC. However, LFS with 2% milk proteins reduced the hardness and gumminess as compared to LFC. These results indicated that 1% milk protein in combined with 1% salt was a proper level for manufacturing of LFRSS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.38-43
• /
• 2004

Effects of heat treatment on functional properties of soy protein were examined. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared from Korean soybean varieties, Manli and Taekwang, subjected to heat treatment at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. pH-solubility results of SPI showed typical U-shape profiles with minimum solubility at pH 4-5 of isoelectric points of soy proteins, longer heat treatments showing slightly higher solubility. Water absorption, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, and emulsion capacity of SPI increased, while oil absorption decreased, with heating time in Manli variety. Manli and Taekwang showed the highest emulsion capacities after 90-and 60-min heat treatments, respectively. Foam expansion of all SPIs increased with heating time up to 90 min. Texture profile analysis showed heat treatment up to 90 min significantly increased hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness, whereas significantly decreased cohesiveness of SPI gels (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.564-569
• /
• 2000

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was developed for the detection of milk proteins in processed foods. The ${\alpha}_{s1}-casein({\alpha}_{s1}-CN)$, a heat stable major milk protein, was immunized into rabbits to produce specific antibodies. When competitive indirect ELISA(ciELISA) using $anti-{\alpha}_{s1}-CN$ antibodies was established, its detection limit was $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. The reactivities of the specific antibodies toward ${\alpha}_{s1}-CN$, skim milk, ${\beta}-CN$ and whey protein isolate(WPI) were 100, 37, 0.14 and 0.04%, respectively, as determined by ciELISA. However $anti-{\alpha}_{s1}-CN$ antibodies did not have any reactivity to other milk proteins such as ${\beta}-lactoglobulin,\;{\alpha}-lactalbumin$, bovine serum albumin, and isolated soy protein. When sandwich ELISA was established, its detection limit was $0.01\;{\mu}g/mL$ which was 10 times more sensitive than that of ciELISA. In the spike test which was performed by adding 1-10% of whole CN to market milk, mean assay recovery as determined by sandwich ELISA was 94.8%(CV, 8.2%). Food stuffs and dairy products were assayed by sandwich ELISA to show 29, 0.13, 0.25, and 6.9% of whole CN in skim milk powder, WPI, semi-solid yoghurt, and processed cheese, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.361-370
• /
• 1988

To investigate the interaction between whey and soybean protein, thermal changes of component proteins were analyzed by column chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In the Sephadex G-200 chromatography of the mixture treated at above $80^{\circ}C$, the amount of low molecular weight proteins and high molecular aggregates were increased. This implicated that dissociation of 1ls globulin into subunits and the formation of soluble aggregates between these subunits and whey proteins that contain thiol and disulfide groups. These interaction between soy proteins and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$, ${\alpha}-lactalbumin$, and proteose-peptone 3 were confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Bovine serum albumin, Immunoglobulin-G(H), Lactoferrin, 1ls-subunits(basic and acidic), and subunit of 7s globulin were also considered to interact each other depending on the condition of the salt solutions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.62 no.2
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2020

The definition of meat analog refers to the replacement of the main ingredient with other than meat. It also called a meat substitute, meat alternatives, fake or mock meat, and imitation meat. The increased importance of meat analog in the current trend is due to the health awareness among consumers in their diet and for a better future environment. The factors that lead to this shift is due to low fat and calorie foods intake, flexitarians, animal disease, natural resources depletion, and to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Currently, available marketed meat analog products are plant-based meat in which the quality (i.e., texture and taste) are similar to the conventional meat. The ingredients used are mainly soy proteins with novel ingredients added, such as mycoprotein and soy leghemoglobin. However, plant-based meat is sold primarily in Western countries. Asian countries also will become a potential market in the near future due to growing interest in this product. With the current advance technology, lab-grown meat with no livestock raising or known as cultured meat will be expected to boost the food market in the future. Also, insect-based products will be promising to be the next protein resource for human food. Nevertheless, other than acceptability, cost-effective, reliable production, and consistent quality towards those products, product safety is the top priority. Therefore, the regulatory frameworks need to be developed alongside.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.643-649
• /
• 1993

Soybean composition, which is different from those of other beans and grains, gives from 35 to 40 percent protein, 15 to 20 percent oil, and 20 to 25 percent sugar. Soybean has been extensively used as the raw material for traditional foods such as bean curd, soy sauce, soy paste and so on, since ancient times in Korea. Ultracentrifugal components of the soybean proteins represent four major peaks with sedimentation constants of about 2, 7, 11 and 15S. The two major reserve protein of soybean, 7S and 11S globulins, have been isolated and characterized by many works. The curd made with microbial enzyme exhibited minuter structure than those of the metal ion-and acid-treatment. Thus, the curd obtained by enzymatic operation serves as a material for further development of food items, and the procedure may by widely applicable in food processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.1156-1156
• /
• 2001

This work aimed to prove the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy to detect vegetable protein isolates (soy, pea and wheat) in milk powder. Two hundred and thirty-nine samples of genuine and adulterated milk powder (NIZO, Ede, NL) were analysed by NIRS using an InfraAlyzer 500 (Bran+Luebbe). NIR spectra were collected at room temperature, and data were processed by using Sesame Software (Bran+Luebbe). Separated calibrations for each non-milk protein added, in the range of 0-5%, were calculated. NIR data were processed by using Sesame Software (Bran+Luebbe). Prediction and validation were made by using a set of samples not included into the calibration set. The best calibrations were obtained by the PLSR. The type of data pre-treatment (normalisation, 1$\^$st/ derivative, etc..) was chosen to optimize the calibration parameters. NIRS technique was able to predict with good accuracy the percentage of each vegetable protein added to milk powder (soy: R$^2$ 0.994, SEE 0.193, SEcv 0.301, RMSEPall 0.148; pea: R$^2$ 0.997, SEE 0.1498, SEcv 0.207, RMSEPall 0.148, wheat: R$^2$ 0.997, SEE 0.1418, SEcv 0.335, RMSEPall 0.149). Prediction results were compared to those obtained using other two techniques: capillary electrophoresis and competitive ELISA. On the basis of the known true values of non-vegetable protein contents, the NIRS was able to determine more accurately than the other two techniques the percentage of adulteration in the analysed samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.10
• /
• pp.1399-1406
• /
• 2000

A continuous culture study was conducted to determine the impact of ruminal degradable soy protein (S-RDP) level and dilution rate (D) on growth of ruminal non-structural carbohydrate-fermenting microbes. Corn starch, urea and isolated soy protein (ISP) were used to formulate three diets with S-RDP levels of 0, 35 and 70% of total dietary CP. Two Ds were 0.03 and $0.06h^{-1}$ of the fermenter volume in a single-effluent continuous culture system. As S-RDP levels increased, digestibilities of dietary dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) linearly (p=0.001) decreased, whereas digestion of dietary starch linearly (p=0.001) increased. Increasing D from 0.03 to $0.06h^{-1}$ resulted in decreased digestibilities of dietary DM and OM, but had no effect on digestibilities of dietary starch (p=0.77) and CP (p=0.103). Fermenter pH, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and daily VFA production were unaffected (p=0.159-0.517) by S-RDP levels. Molar percentages of acetate, propionate and butyrate were greatly affected by S-RDP levels (p=0.016-0.091), but unaffected by D (p=0.331-0.442). With increasing S-RDP levels and D, daily bacterial counts, daily microbial N production (DMNP) and microbial efficiency (MOEFF; grams of microbial N produced per kilogram of OM truly digested) were enhanced (p=0.001). The increased microbial efficiency with increasing S-RDP levels is probably the result of peptides or amino acids that served as a stimulus for optimal protein synthesis. The quantity of ruminal degradable protein from soy proteins required for optimum protein synthesis of non-structural carbohydrate-fermenting microbes appears to be equivalent to 9.5% of dietary fermented OM.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.954-958
• /
• 2006

A comprehensive safety evaluation was conducted to assess the potential allergenicity of newly introduced proteins in genetically modified (GM) crops. We assessed the allergenicity of CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in GM soybeans. This assessment was performed by IgE immunoblotting with soy-allergic children's sera, amino acid sequence homology with known allergens, and the digestibility of CP4 EPSPS. No differences in IgE-antigen binding by immunoblotting were found between GM soy samples and the corresponding non-GM samples. Based on the comparison of EPSPS amino acid sequence homology with current allergen databases, no known allergen was found. In addition, CP4 EPSPS protein was rapidly digested by simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Taken together, these results indicate that GM soybeans have no allergenicity in children and are as safe as conventional soybeans.