• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.410-425
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess the waste management practices, source-reduction programs and related tasks in elementary school foodservice in Seoul. and Kyonggi Province Areas. A questionnaire mailed to 910 school foodservice managers in Seoul and Kyonggi province: a 202% (N=184) response rate was obtained. About 83.7% of school foodservice managers were responsible for managing solid waste. Most foodservice operations take the responsibility of food waste but not packaging wastes. The average disposal cost per month per person was about 19 won and income was about 35 won. Leftovers were mainly disposed with platewaste. Platewaste was reused for the livestook feed(68.0%), and some platewaste was composted(11.6%). Source reduction programs implemented in half of school foodservice operations were adjustment of portion size', checking the plate waste', 'working with classroom teachers on waste reduction campaign', 'providing information leaflet on food waste minimization', posting education materials, 'classroom instruction about food waste minimization', and 'improving cooking method. According to factor analysis based on importance rating. slid waste management activities of elementary school foodservice operations were divided to 7 dimensions such as communication and cooperation with others', 'employee training', 'product quality control, 'yield control', plate waste control', 'purchasing', and 'public relations'. As a result of Important-Performance Analysis(IPA), sine dimensions such as 'communication and cooperation with others' and 'plate waste control were identified in Focus Here' quardrant area which need more enhanced performance.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.243-257
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• 2004

Alcohol consumption is a major source of health problems, for example, alchol consumption is related to liver diseases. In addition, the social and economic costs related to alcohol consumption are enormous. This study was conducted to evaluate the current status and influencing factors related to the recognition and behavioral intention for both drinking and alcohol-reduction programs. Three effective alcohol-reduction programs of clinic program, mass education, and alliance were considered. To explain the health behavior for drinking and alcohol-reduction programs, a five-stage behavioral intention model was built and 500 questionnaires were completed through a telephone survey. Stages of the model composed of recognition of the programs, past experiences, present drinking status, intention for drinking, and behavioral intention for alcohol-reduction programs. As a result, recognition rates of the programs were low in general, therefore the strategies of education, public relations, and advertisement need to be pursued. The alcohol dependency resulted in the fact that success rate was 30％ although trial rate of alcohol-reducing was 23％. The necessity of alcohol-reduction programs were suggested. In addition, significant factors related to the intention for alcohol-reducing were individual attitude and reluctancy to pay their time and money. An insignificant factor was the attitude to their alcohol-reduction by other people. Behavioral intention rates for alcohol-reducing clinics were 4％, and those for mass education were 8％. There were very low purchase rates for clinic program, mass education, and alliance. In conclusion, evidenced-based and effective alcohol-reduction programs need to be encouraged to drinkers by medical doctors, and the strategies of education, public relations, and advertisement are also recommended. In addition, continuing legal and systematic support for alcohol-reducing would lower the drinking rate and ultimately contribute to the nation's health promotion.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2000

The costs of solid waste management have continued to increase. Stricter environmental regulations have been applied to waste management units. Future integrated solid waste management should be balanced between source reduction, recycling, energy recovery, and land disposal. To achieve more balanced solid waste management programs, more local governments must adopt diversion and recycling goals and finance to meet those goals. The hierarchy of integrated solid waste management must be enforced in a manner that is flexible enough to allow local governments to implement waste management facilities that match the communities' ability to pay for them. In establishing a hierarchy of integrated solid waste management, local governements have difficulties in implementing source reduction and recycling because of a lack of local control and inability to pay for new facilities. Integrated solid waste management involves selecting compatible options for facilities to manage the collection, recovery of energy and materials(transformation), and disposal of solid wastes efficiently. Waste Collection, transformation, and disposal must support source reduction and recycling activities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2011

In this research, food waste source reduction model for apartment was investigated. In spite of prohibition of direct landfill of food waste and continuous efforts made by government and local government, food waste production increases steadily. Recycling ratio of the food waste increases every year, but its products have many problems like low quality, stability, salt, odor etc. Household occupies 63.3% of whole food waste production and this is subject to be a key factor to control food waste. We surveyed S apartment in Kwangju city as a model case, in which administrative office and women's association adopted clean plate eating, separation of raw food waste and earth worm composting as a series of method for source reduction and recycling inside the apartment. With the help of residents' participation and practice, food waste production decreased 15.6% from 0.31 g/capita/day in 2007 to 0.26 g/capita/day in 2009 (domestic average 0.30 g/capita/day). Separation of raw food waste and its composting using earth worm were very effective, and were subject to resolve the problems of present food waste treatment technologies. And earth worm composting was very useful in environmental, economical, societal and educational aspects. Instead of economical incentive, educational programs about food value, environmental problem and critical method for food waste separation were more effective for promotion of source reduction. From the analyses on the process and success factors in this model, we could conclude that leader's role was one of the key factors for the settlement of source reduction, and that was to understand the seriousness of the food waste and to seek solution, to test techniques, and to practice by oneself. Furthermore, networking and collaboration among residents, local government, NGO and local press promoted residents' participation, and it was through various education and investigation. Finally, source reduction and self recycling model of food waste in the apartment, that applies separating raw food waste and earth worm composting based on the collaboration among residents, local government, NGO, and local press, should be disseminated, and environmental policy also should be changed to make it possible.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.269-288
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• 2006

We revised the OTFTOOL which was developed in Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO) for the On-The-Fly (OTF) observation. Besides the improvement of data resampling function of conventional OTFTOOL, we added a new SELF referencing mode and data pre-reduction function. Since OTF observation data have a large redundancy, we can choose and use only good quality samples excluding bad samples. Sorting out the bad samples is based on the floating level, rms level, antenna trajectory, elevation, $T_{sys}$, and number of samples. And, spikes are also removed. Referencing method can be chosen between CLASSICAL mode in which the references are taken from the OFFs observation and ELLIPSOIDAL mode in which the references are taken from the inner source free region (this is named as SELF reference). Baseline is subtracted with the source free channel windows and the baseline order chosen by the user. Passing through these procedures, the raw OTF data will be an FITS datacube. The revised-OTFTOOL maximizes the advantages of OTF observation by sorting out the bad samples in the earliest stage. And the new self-referencing method, the ELLIPSOIDAL mode, is very powerful to reduce the data. Moreover since it is possible to see the datacube at once without moving them into other data reduction programs, it is very useful and convenient to check whether the data resampling works well or not. We expect that the revised-OTFTOOL can be applied to the facilities of the OTF observation like SRAO, NRAO, and FCRAO.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.58-69
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• 2003

Soil contamination in the United States is managed using a risk-based decision making process. In other words, we don't ask, 'how much soil contamination can be cleaned up\ulcorner' Instead we ask, 'how much contamination can be safely left in place\ulcorner' The determination of 'safe' levels of contamination is based upon the potential for exposure and the toxicity of the contaminants of concern in soil. Potential for exposure is determined by evaluating potential exposure pathways from source to receptor given current or reasonably anticipated land use. Soil cleanup goals are then calculated for any complete exposure pathways based upon toxicity and the route of exposure. In some cases, institutional or engineering controls are also used to limit the potential for exposure. In order to prevent a continuous degradation of environmental quality, risk-based cleanup approaches must be combined with strong contamination prevention programs. In addition, alternative risk management approaches should be incorporated into an overall risk reduction strategy.erall risk reduction strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.346-351
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• 2003

In spite of the size and complexity of software becomes large and complicated, the demand of rapid development, cost reduction, good productivity and good quality software is increasing in these days. Many methods were proposed for efficient software development such as various Case tools. Metrics, Process improvement model (CMM, SPICE, ISO9000) and etc. However, most of them we useful to manage the whole projects rather than an individual programming. In this paper, we introduced a system for quality assessment and complexity metrics for Java programs to assess the individual programmer's quality rather than team's quality. This system shows not only the metrics value for quality assessment but also the source code and the soucture of classes simultaneously.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.202-212
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• 2005

This study was aimed at rating the existing work environment noise components and alternatives in point of worker's view. To answer the purpose, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is adopted in this research. Based on the AHP method, this research abstracts a mathematically rigorous noise components and alternative's weights and proven process for priority and decision-making. By reconstructing complex hearing conservation programs to a series of pair-wise comparisons, and then synthesizing the results, this study not only helps establishments of noise countermeasure, but also provides a clear rationale for noise alternatives. The result of this study is summarized as follows; 1) Job satisfaction index and noise identification index are 63, 56 respectively. 2) Noise level(15.7%), frequency(14.1%) and directivity(13.6%) are main reasons in worker's ground. 3) There are some difference between the estimation of worker's identification and that of work sites. 4) Low noise machine(14.7%), enclosure(13.2%) and shielding(9.6%) are chosen for noise protection method by workers. 5) Noise environment improvement should be focused on noise source rather than personal protection. 6) By the AHP method, noise source countermeasure have a key role at work environments.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 1989

A modified skyline algorithm suitable for C language in this paper. The modified algorithm improves the computational efficiency and the structure of the program. Substantial reduction of execution time is achieved by simplifying assemblage and decomposition of the stiffness matrix. A source program is also provided for use in future development of finite element softwares.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.305-311
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• 1989

Fletcher-Suit colpostat has an internal structure to reduce dose to bladder and rectum. Some programs were developed to calculate dose at any point in water in three dimension around the colpostat containing Cs-137 tube, to find the shielding effect to dose by the internal structure, and to draw isodose curves and iso-shielding effect curves. Computer was an IBM compatible AT with EGA card and language was MS-Basic V6.0, Material, shape and geometry of the strucure, tube and colpostat were considered in algorithm for calculation of dose. Dose rates per unit mg. Ra. eq. in water calculated by a program were stored in auxiliary memory devices and retrieved in another programs. Isodose curves on medial side shrinked. Dose distribution was not symmetric about a transverse axis bisecting the colpostat. Reduction of dose was more excessive on top side than on bottom. Iso-shielding effect curve showed that the shielding effect was higher on top side than on bottom, and that there was shielding effect over almost all area of medial side. Such results were related to both shifted position of tube in the colpostat and asymmetric distribution of active source in the tube. Maximum of shielding effect was $49\%$ on top side and $44\%$ on bottom side. The direction of iso-shielding effect curve was generally radial from the center of active source. In treatment planning using Fletcher-Suit colpostat, the internal structure should be considered to find precise doses to bladder and rectum, etc.