• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1649-1660
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• 1996

The flow around a circular cylinder was controlled by an acoustic excitation issued from a thin slit along the cylinder axis. The static pressure distributions around the cylinder wall and flow characteristics in the near wake have been measured. Experiments were performed under three cases of Reynolds number, 7.8 * 10$\^$4/, 2.3 * 10$\^$5/ and 3.8 * 10$\^$5/. The effects of excitation frequency, sound pressure level and the location of the slit were examined. Data indicate that the excitation frequency and the slit location are the key parameters for controlling the separated flow. At Re$\_$d/, = 7.8 * 10$\^$4/, the drag is reduced and the lift is generated to upward direction, however, at Re$\_$d/, =2.3 * 10$\^$5/ and 3.8 * 10$\_$5/, the drag is increased and lift is generated to downward direction inversely. It is thought that the lift switching phenomenon is due to the different separation point of upper surface and lower surface on circular cylinder with respect to the flow regime which depends on the Reynolds number. Vortex shedding frequencies are different at upper side and lower side. Time-averaged velocity field shows that mean velocity vector and the points of maximum intensities are inclined to downward direction at Re$\_$d/ = 7.8 * 10$\^$4/, but are inclined to upward direction at Re$\_$d/ = 2.3 * 10$\^$5/.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Purpose: Cervical pain is caused mainly by a static position, lasting work, bad habits and stress, and is accompanied by pain in the upper trapezius. Traditionally, heat and traction, exercise, mobilization, manipulation have been used to treat cervical pain. This study examined the effect of stretching and manipulation (high-velocity low-amplitude: HVLA) on the pain and ROM in women with chronic cervical and upper shoulder pain. Methods: Fifty-two women diagnosed with chronic cervical and upper shoulder pain were enrolled in this study. Among them, 26 patients (experiment group) were managed by passive stretching and manipulation, and another 26 patients (control group) were treated with physical therapy intervention (hat pack: HP, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: TENS, ultra sound: US). Each group made use of a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the highly reliable (flextion: 0.92, extention: 0.99) cervical range of motion (CROM) to compare the possible changes in pain and ROM in the two groups after treatment. Results: In the experimental group, the pain decreased and the ROM has increased in all directions. In the control group, the pain decreased but the ROM was not changed in all directions. Conclusion: According to the results, passive stretching and manipulation is effective for increasing the ROM and decreasing the level of pain. Moreover, physical therapy intervention (HP, TENS, US) is effective for immediately decreasing the pain but has little effect on the ROM.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.896-902
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 환기를 위한 시로코 팬의 내부에서 유동 및 소음을 해석하기 위해 상용프로그램으로 해석하였다. 소음원의 위치와 크기만을 확인하기 위해 유동해석은 정상 상태 유동 해석을 진행하였다. 유동 해석을 통해 시로코 팬의 내부에서 발생하는 유동의 속도와 속도 벡터로 유동의 흐름을 보았다. 내부의 압력 분포는 contour로 결과를 보았다. 정상 상태 유동 해석 결과에서 Curle surface acoustic power와 Proudman acoustic power를 활용하여 해석결과로부터 소음원의 위치와 크기를 볼 수 있다. Curle surface acoustic power으로 표면에서 발생하는 소음을 볼 수 있다. Proudman acoustic power으로 유동영역에서 발생하는 소음을 볼 수 있다. 정상 상태에서 시로코 팬의 내부에서 발생하는 소음원의 위치와 크기만 볼 수 있기 때문에 발생하는 소음의 주파수를 확인하기 위해서는 추가적으로 비정상 상태 해석을 진행할 필요가 있다. 본 연구를 통해 시로코 팬의 성능을 향상시키고 소음을 저감하기 위한 연구의 기초 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1284-1291
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• 2002

Combustion instabilities are an important concern associated with lean premixed combustion. Laboratory-scale dump combustor was used to understand the underlying mechanisms causing combustion instabilities. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and sound level meter was used to track the pressure fluctuations inside the combustor. Instability maps and phase-resolved OH chemiluminescence images were obtained at several conditions to investigate the mechanism of combustion instability and relations between pressure wave and heat release rate. It showed that combustion instability was susceptible to occur at higher value of equivalence ratio (>0.6) as the mean velocity was decreased. Instabilities exhibited a longitudinal mode with a dominant frequency of ∼341.8 Hz, which corresponded to a quarter wave mode of combustor. Heat release and pressure waves were in-phase when instabilities occurred. Rayleigh index distribution gave a hint about the location where the strong coherence of pressure and heat release existed. These results also give an insight to the control scheme of combustion instabilities. Emission test revealed that NOx emissions were affected by not only equivalence ratio but also combustion instability.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.325-336
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• 2000

During the last decade, an increasing interest in Underfloor Air-Conditioning(UFAC) systems has emerged. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate comprehensively the indoor environmental performance of office buildings with UFAC system in order to develope the design prototype of this system. In this paper, the physical measurements and the interviewing survey of occupant's sensation responses to the environment were carried out. Measurements and survey were made of the thermal environmental factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, globe temperature, and the other several environmental factors such as the sound level and the illuminance of working plane, etc. And, the air quality was evaluated by measuring the concentration of suspended particles, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in the room. Furthermore, the paper appraises the various indoor environmental factors of the room by using post-occupancy evaluation(POE) method in office building with UFAC system, and thus, it suggests the basic data for assessing the indoor comfort based on field measurements and survey.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2020

Spline is a machine component using transmits rotating energy with grooves on internal of boss and external periphery of shaft. Internal spline is generally produced by machining process. However, to reduce manufacturing cost and save time, plastic deformation process such as backward extrusion is gradually adapted for spline production. In plastic deformation process, forming load, stress on tools and flow flaws should be taken into account to have sound products. For this purpose, kinematically admissible velocity fields for Upper Bound Method in backward extrusion of internal spline has been suggested, then forming load and relative pressure have been calculated. Internal spline forming experiments have been con-ucted under hydraulic press and the calculated forming load well predicts the load of experiment.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2006

The EM 120, a newly installed multibeam echo sounder on RM Onnuri, has several advantages over the previously installed SeaBeam 2000 in performance and thus data quality. The EM 120 system provides a bottom topographic map with high resolution by (1) increasing the number of beams, (2) increasing the across track swath range, (3) measuring the more accurate sound velocity within the water column, and (4) improving stabilization for pitching, rolling, and yawing of the ship. This study compares EM 120 and SeaBeam 2000 echo sounders in terms of the data quality from the same survey area in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, NE Pacific. Our result shows that the EM 120 provides more precise topographic data than the SeaBeam 2000. Although overall trends of data, such as topographic direction and relief, are similar for both echo sounders, the water depths measured by the EM 120 are shallower than that of SeaBeam 2000 by 80 to 90 meters.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1252-1261
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• 2006

This paper summarizes theoretical work on the multichannel decentralized feedback control of sound radiation from aircraft trim panels using piezoceramic actuators. The aircraft trim panels are generally honeycomb structures designed to meet the design requirement of low weight and high stiffness. They are resiliently-mounted to the fuselage for the passive reduction of noise transmission. It is motivated by the localization of reduction in vibration of single channel active trim panels. 12-channel decentralized feedback control systems are investigated in terms of the reduction of noise and vibration for three configurations of sensor actuator pairs. Local coupling of the closely-spaced sensor and actuator pairs was modeled using single degree of freedom systems. The multichannel control system is characterized using the state-space model. For the stability point of view, the relative stability or robustness is evaluated by comparing the real part of eigenvalues of the system matrix for the three configurations. The control performance is also evaluated and compared for the three configurations. It is found that the multichannel system can lead to the globalization of the reduction in vibration and radiated noise. It does not appear to yield a significant improvement in the vibration because of decreased gain margin. However, the reduction in the radiated noise is remarkably improved due to the variation of the vibration pattern with the actuation configurations.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2012

In this paper, we present the results of our studies on optimal die design towards development of a vacuum die casting process to fabricate fuel cell bipolar plate with micro-channel array. Cavity and overflow shape is designed by computational filling analysis of MAGMA soft. Optimal die design consists of seven overflows at the end of cavity and three overflows at each side wall of cavity. The molten metal that passed the gate and reached the side wall flowed into the side overflow, no turbulent flow occurred, and the filling behavior and velocity distribution were uniform. In addition, partially solidified molten metal passing through the channel was perfectly eliminated by overflow without back-flow. When vacuum pressure, injection speed of low and high region was 300 mbar, 0.3 m/s and 2.5 m/s respectively with Silafont 36 die casting alloy, sound sample without casting defects was obtained. The experimental results are nearly consistent with simulation results.

• 세라미스트
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2020

In this study, the phase transition behaviors of lead-free (Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃)_(1-x)-(BaTiO₃)_x (NBT-BT) are investigated by using Brillouin spectroscopy. The elastic properties, sound velocity and absorption coefficient of NBT-BT are characterized as a function of temperature along different crystallographic axes. The temperature dependences of the elastic constants of NBT-BT near the morphotropic phase boundary are determined for the first time. The unpoled NBT-BT single crystals exhibits the typical relaxor behaviors, presenting broad acoustic and dielectric anomalies. The application of electric field induced discontinuous changes in the elastic properties at ~110℃, which indicates field-induced phase transition occurred. The electric field also changes the dielectric constant from more relaxor-like to ferroelectric-like dielectric behavior.