• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.259-269
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• 1995

Column leaching tests were conducted using fresh and weathered pulverised fuel ash of some 17 and 40 years old from two major British power plants, with deionised water and simulated synthetic industrial leachate. The former was to see the leaching behaviour of weathered ash and the latter was to see if the formation of secondary products from water and PFA interaction and ameliorating effect in removing metals from industrial leachates. Fresh PFA liberates elevated concentrations of surface-enriched inorganics, including Ca, Na, K, B, $Cr_{total}$, Li Mo, Se and $SO^{2-}_4$. This might indicate their association with the surface of PFA particles. In the column leaching tests using weathered ash and deionised water, elements are not readily leached but are released more slowly, showing relatively constant concentrations. For the case of weathered ash, some readily soluble surface-enriched elements appears to have been liberated in their early stage of leaching and the liberation of glass associated elements are thought to be more important function in controlling the element concentration. The result from column leaching tests exceed for a number of elements when compared with various Water Standards and suggests the leachate from PFA disposal mound needs dilution to achieve target concentrations. PF A shows element retention effect for many elements, including B, Fe, Zn, Hg, Ni, Li and Mo, in the order of fresh Drax ash > weathered Drax ash > Weathered Meaford ash in retaining capacity. Geochemical modelling using a computer program WATEQ4F reveals some solubility controlling secondary solid products. These include $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ for Ca, $Al(OH)_3$ for Al and $Fe(OH)_3$ for Fe.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.92-102
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• 2020

The followings are the landscape preference aspects from the 816 landscapes(景, Kyung), which comprise the 78 modern Palkyungs, presented by the 78 local governments in Korea. First, the natural environment elements selected as Kyung(景), which are topographical landscapes, mostly consist of mountain elements such as mountains, terrace(臺), rocks and stones and water elements classified as rivers, oceans, and lakes. Natural elements also include old-growth and giant trees such as pines, ginkgos, Japanese cornels and fringe trees, tree-lined streets and forests, and plant elements such as azaleas, rhododendrons, lotuses, reeds, and silver grasses which provide seasonal landscapes. Second, more than half of Kyung, selected as human environment elements, are historical and cultural heritages such as graveyards, mountain fortresses, town fortresses, traditional villages, pavilion in villas, and temples. And it is followed by leisure tourism facilities such as traditional markets, exhibition halls, theme parks, beaches, and food streets, green-based structures such as trails, plazas, parks, and botanical gardens, and industrial heritages such as ranches, abandoned coal mines, stations, ports and bridges. Third, modern Palkyungs include objects not related to the views such as local representative facilities, regional products, and festivals. Fourth, although most of the modern Palkyungs consist of eight, some include 20, 38, or 100 in order to increase the number of objects of public relations. Fifth, a certain local government makes two modern Palkyungs with different subjects by introducing traditional Palkyung and modern Palkyung altogether. In this case, it presents several modern Palkyungs like by selecting Palkyungs in a limited area. Furthermore, one Palkyung includes numerous place names at a time in some cases. Sixth, Sosangjeonhyeong(瀟湘典型)-style modern Palkyung uses 'NakAn(落雁)' as the name of Kyung. Sosangyusahyeong(瀟湘類似型)-style modern Palkyung expresses 'Hyojong(曉鐘)' and landscape of glow of the setting sun, sunset, night view, dawn, sunrise and depicts cloud, sunset, moon, and snow. There are many Myeongsocheheomhyeong(名所體驗型)-style Palkyungs exhibiting the behavior of tourism and Myeongseunghyeong(名勝型)-style Palkyungs raising the awareness only by the names of the places. Seventh, modern Palkyung's naming styles are diverse, such as using only four letters instead of specifying Kyungmul(景物) or Kyungsaek(景色) in combination with Chinese characters or adding modifiers specializing in places.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.39
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• pp.217-237
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• 1998

The present research is to study the make-up culture of Korea and its neighboring countries such as China and Japan during the period from the prehistoric age to the 19th cen-tury. The research was made by documents analysis. The results are summerised as follows : (1) A man has a basic instinct to beautify himself. There was not a significant difference between the make-up behavior of men and women in its primal stage. It was by the start of farming and the division of labor that made the make-up behavior as a feminine culture. The difference of sexual role caused the con-ceptual difference between manly beauty and womanly beauty. It was very natural for women to regard the make-up as the best way for showing their feminine beauty. In Korea, China and Japan, there were vari-ous kinds of primal actions such as tattooing, body-painting, and tooth make-up which were used in the purpose of body protection, incantation, ornament, and so on. Ass their ornamental purpose was becoming more important, these primal actions became the basis of the feminine make-up culture. Nowadays make-up, having mental and emo-tional function, is helpful to increasing self-satisfaction, promoting good personal relation-ship, and attracting attention from the other sex. It also has other functions of showing social status, wealth, age, sex, courage, power, and so on. (2) The representative make-up product used widely in the three countries was Boon (powder) which decides the overall color of face. The key point in the production of Boon was to increase its power of adsorption. The invention of Yunboon (power mixed with lead) solved this major problem of Boon. Yeonji which decides the color of cheek was the mixture of Boon and the powder of Honghwa (a kind of red-colored flower or tree). Mimook (eyebrow pencil) was developed to match up with the various and changing currencies of penciling eyebrows in each nation and times, Yeonji and Joosa (red sand) were used as Jinji (lip stick). The predominant color of Jinji was red. As miscellaneous methods of partial make-up, there were Kon-ji used in a wedding cer-emony in korea, Aek-hwang, Hwa-jeon, Sa-hong, and Myun-yup in China, and Chi-heuk, a peculial method of partial make-up in japan. (3) There were various factors which decided the characteristics of make-up culture usually reflects international atmosphere, the form of government, economic situation, re-ligious and social ideology, aesthetic sense, symbolizing meanings of colors, and so on. The up and down of an influentian country was one of the major factors which decided the characteristics of the make-up culture of its neighboring countries. When a country took a liberal form of government, it had diverse and splendid tendencies in its make-up culture. The better a nation's economic situation is, the more abandant and various its make-up culture is, and sometimes, the more eccentric and decadents it was. In the field of make-up production, the three countries had their own characteristics. But, as a whole, China was the leading nation who spread the culture and products of make-up to Korea and Japan. Though the Chinese make-up culture and products were usually spread to Japan through Korean, there was some evidence of direct exchanges between China and Japan through its dispatches of Kyun-Tang-Sa(Japanese delegation to the Tang Dynasty). While religion had a positive influence on the development of make-up culture by introducing new methods of make-up, Confucianism exercised strict control over the make-up cul-ture. The currencies in arts and changes of esthetic sense introduced new methods and booms to the make-up culture. Literature made people pay increasing attentions to the countenances of women and changed the standards of esthetic sense. We can find out that the social status of woman was also reflected in the make-up culture. As the social status of women became higher, the feminine make-up culture also developed more then ever. As mentioned above, the make-up cultures of the three countries reflected their social values, esthetic senses, and emotional feelings. Through their cultural exchanges, the three countries could develop various make-up products and methods.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2011

Some industrial minerals used in domestic industries such as monazite, apatite, bauxite, and ilmenite belong to NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) because they show a high radioactivity. Products, semi-products, wastes, and by-products which show higher radioactivity than NORM belong to TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials). Apatite used for manufacturing phosphate fertilizer in Namhae Chemical company belongs to NORM, and its by-product, phospo-gypsum, belongs to TENORM. A geological investigation is needed for the future environmental impact assessment of the Namhae Chemical company's site. According to survey results of the Namhae Chemical company's site, soil mineral composition indicated the mixture of minerals derived from the country rock (quartz, feldspar, mica, $l4{\AA}$ mineral, kaolin and amphibole) and minerals from the gypsum open-air storage yard (gypsum and apatite). Soil samples showed average content of U 4.6 ppm and Th 10 ppm, which are similar to average crustal abundances. They also show average contents of $^{40}K$ 191-1,166 Bq/kg, $^{226}Ra$ 15.6-710 Bq/kg, and $^{232}Th$ 17.4-72.7 Bq/kg, which indicate moderate levels of radio nuclide. But $^{226}Ra$ anomaly in the gypsum open storage yard is clearly confirmed and $^{232}Th$ anomaly is also confirmed in the east road side of the factory and nearby mountain areas. Soil external hazard indices ranged 0.24-2.01 with the average 0.54. Although most external hazard indices were lower than 1, which means radiation hazard index to be negligible, 5 samples out of total 40 samples showed higher values than 1, and further detailed investigation is needed.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.17
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• pp.161-182
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• 1996

In natural atmosphere, copper and copper alloy have been used to make buddha statues and ornaments of historic buildings since the abovementioned metals have corrosion resistance in some extent, and the patinaformed on the surface of the metals has provided the people aesthetic satisfaction with its beauty. But in atmosphere polluted by $SO_x$and $NO_x$, the patina layer does not work as a protective film, and it allows damages of the metal. Since 1992, Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties(TNRICP)has conducted studies on the influence of atmospheric pollution on metal cultural property held under open air. The Great Buddha Image which is located in Kamakura about 50km west from Tokyo, has been selected as one of the objects to study because it is made by copper alloy and it has stood exposed in the air for about a few hundreds years. Furthermore it is also the reason to study on it that there are many cultural properties in the surroundings of it. We have analysed the components and the structure of the corrosion products formed on the surface of the Buddha, have carried out exposure tests using the alloy samples which have simulated the components of the Great Image, and have observed climated and polluted air in order to discuss the relation between corrosion of metals in open air and conditions of the atmosphere. In this paper, the authors have described the components and the structure of the corrosion product formed on the surface of the Great Image by means of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Sulfate patina composed mainly with brochantite were detected on the all sides of the Image and the amount of the patina is found more on the back of the Image facing to north. (2) Antlerite were detected on the back and a park of the left side facing to west, and formation of it was considered to have close relation with malignant atmosphere. (3) A big amount of chloride patina which mainly composed of atacamite were observed on the front facing to south. (4) Carbonate patina mainly composed of malachite were detected on the area where brochantite was often detected as well. It suggested that malachite had been transformed into brochantite by deteriorated atmosphere. (5) On the all sides of the Image, patina were observed together with copper oxides mainly composed of cuprous oxide. It showed that the surface layer of the Image consists of two layers : inner layer of oxide and outer layer of patina. (6) Corrosion products of lead which was a component of copperalloy were detected on the all sides : the main lead product found on the front was chlorophosphate whereas the one on the back was sulfate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.161-174
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• 1997

Omega-3 fatty acids have been major research interests in medical and nutritional science relating to life sciences since after the epidemiologic data on Green3and Eskimos reported by several researchers clearly showed fewer per capita deaths from heart diseases and a lower incidence of adult diseases. Linolenic acid(LNA) is an essential fatty acid for human beings as well as linoleic acid(LA) due to the fact that vertebrates lack an enzyme required to incorporate a double bond beyond carbon 9 in the chain. In addition the ratio of omega-6 and 3 fatty acids seems to be important in terms of alleviation of heart diseases since LA and LNA competes for the metabolic pathways of eicosanoids synthesis. High consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in seafoods may control heart diseases by reducing blood cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL and increasing HDL and by inhibiting plaque development through the formation of antiaggregatory substances like PGI$_2$, PGI$_3$ and TXA$_3$ metabolized from LNA. Omega 3 fatty acids also play an important role in neuronal developments and visual functioning, in turn influence learning behaviors. Current dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids are limited mostly to seafoods, leafy vegetables, marine and some seed oils and the most appropriate way to provide omega-3 fatty acids is as a part of the normal dietary regimen. The efforts to enhance the intake of omega-3 fatty acids due to several beneficial effects have been made nowadays by way of food processing technology. Two different ways can be applied: one is add Purified and concentrated omega-3 fatty acids into foods and the other is to produce foods with high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids by raising animals with specially formulated feed best for the transfer of omega-3 fatty acids. Recently, items of manufactured and marketed omega-3 fatty acids fortified foodstuffs are pork, milk, cheese, egg, formula milk and ham. In domestic food market, many of them are distributed already, but problem is that nutritional informations on the amounts of omega-3 fatty acids are not presented on the labeling, which might cause distrust of consumers on those products, result in lower sales volumes. It would be very much wise if we consume natural products, result in lower sales volumes. It would be very much wise if we consume natural products high in omega-3 fatty acids to Promote health related to many types of adult diseases rather than processed foods fortified with omega-3 fatty acids.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.5 s.347
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• pp.7-16
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• 2006

IPTV is referred to the service which provide integrated IPTV services for providing video, 10/100-Mbit/sec Internet, voice, video-on-demand (VOD), and other broadband applications including home security, video conferencing, and telemedicine. All services are integrated into an IP (Internet Protocol) architecture designed specifically for Gigabit Ethernet FTTH systems, HFC or xDLC. It is absolutely necessary that telecon operators provide IP video delivery platforms that enable service providers to transform their business. With their own products, they can better manage their existing services and generate new revenues from broadcast TV, movies on demand and multimedia. Triple-play is a combination of broadcast, telephony and broadband services offered through IPTV networks. With cable operators allowed to offer a triple-play bundle, the nation's telecom operators are beginning to get a little anxious. Cable operators assert that triple-play is a must-have and natural extension of the cable service bundle. The Korean Cable TV Association asserts that the triple-play model is of paramount importance to the cable industry's future growth. But the telecom sector considers itself unfairly disadvantaged, saying they cannot compete until regulatory issues are resolved. The start of web-based television in Korea may still be some time off with a confrontation between the nation's IT regulator and broadcasting sector over the service's legal boundaries shows no signs of being resolved my time soon. korea should be is the fastest-growing provider of IPTV solutions in the industry, with over worldwide customers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2011

Stilbenes are polyphenolic natural products, which have antioxidative and antifungal activities. In some plants, including grapevine, the stilbene compounds, as resveratrol derivatives, exist in very diverse forms. Experiments to identify the individual stilbene compounds were carried out first to quantify them in UV-irradiated grapevine leaves. For this, stilbene glycosides were extracted from grapevine leaves which irradiated intensively with UV light. The glycoside samples were hydrolyzed by ${\beta}$-glucosidase, before analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometer at each m/z corresponding to the mass of specific stilbenes. As results, in chromatograms, the enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in decrease and increase of the peaks expected for glycosides and aglycones, respectively. The samples were also exposed to sunlight in order to photo-isomerize the stilbene compounds. The light exposure resulted in disappearance and appearance of peaks expected for trans- and cis-isomers of stilbenes, respectively. Such a change of the peaks in chromatograms provided information needed for the inference to peak components. In this way, it was possible to identify 16 kinds of stilbene compounds from grapevine leaves. The identified stilbenes were quantified from grapevine leaves irradiated mildly by UV light. The UV-irradiation increased markedly in the content of stilbene compounds, especially trans-resveratrol by several hundredfold. In addition, piceatannol, which is a mere minor component of stilbenes in control leaves and a more active radical scavenger than resveratrol, was also increased by several tenfold by the treatment. The increase in stilbene contents as influenced by UV irradiation seems to be one of the stress coping responses of grapevine as a hormesis phenomenon.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.2169-2175
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• 2009

This research aims to evaluate the concept of eco-efficient water infrastructure and provides a list of case studies in order to help understand the applicability of eco-efficient water infrastructure to Asia and the Pacific. A set of indicators have been explored to assess eco-efficiency in water infrastructure for the region on a micro and macro scale. The core idea of eco-efficiency, 'more value with less impact (on the environment)', has proven to be applicable in management of water infrastructure. The fundamental elements in eco-efficient water infrastructure should encompass physical infrastructure and non-physical infrastructure, which is more needed particularly in Asian countries. The case studies have demonstrated the applicability of the concept of eco-efficient water infrastructure. The Republic of Korea has provided the case of the eco-friendly approaches to enhance dam management and its innovative solutions how to use water more efficiently through state-of-art technologies. The experiences of Singapore are some of the best evidence to establish eco-efficient water infrastructure, for instance, the NEWater project via application of cutting edge technologies (recycled water) and institutional reform in water tariff systems to conserve water as well as enhance water quality. A list of indicators to assess eco-efficiency in water infrastructure have been discussed, and the research presents a myriad of project cases which are good to represent eco-efficiency in water infrastructure, including multipurpose small dams, customized flood defense systems, eco-efficient ground water use, and eco-efficient desalination plants. The study has presented numerous indicators in five different categories: 1) the status of water availability and infrastructure; 2) production and consumption patterns of freshwater; 3) agricultural products and sources of environmental loads; 4) damages from water-caused natural disaster; and 5) urban water supply and sanitation. There are challenges as well as benefits in such indicators, since the indicators should be applied very carefully in accordance with specific socio-economic, political and policy contexts in different countries in Asia and the Pacific Region. The key to success of establishment of eco-efficient water infrastructure in Asia primarily depends on the extent to which each country is committed to balancing its development of physical as well as non-physical water infrastructure. Particularly, it is imperative for Asian countries to transform its policy focus from physical infrastructure to non-physical infrastructure. Such shift will help lead to implementation of sustainable in Asian countries.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.488-494
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• 2009

Zeolite 4A was prepared by new synthesis method, 2-step crystallization, for enhancement of oil absorption capacity. Vietnamese sand and $NaAlO_2$ solution from natural bauxite were used as raw materials in stead of conventional cullet and $Al(OH)_3$ to reduced the processing cost. Some dissolved organics in $NaAlO_2$ solution were removed by activated carbon. Synthetic method was progressed by 1) reacting the raw materials at $55^{\circ}C$, 4 hr with the ratio of Si/Al to 1.15, and 2) reacting at $65^{\circ}C$, 5 hr with reducing the ratio of Si/Al to 0.98. New method can easily control the particle size, aggregation, surface polarity, and enhanced the whiteness of the products. The prepared zeolite 4A shows excellent oil absorption capacity(O.A.C>50 ml/100 g) as well as equal value with calcium ion exchange capacity, and proves the 2-step crystallization is the economic and effective process for the preparation of zeolite 4A.