• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.199-203
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• 2009

Rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa) is cultivated as a garden flower and an important genetic resource for the breeding of roses (R. hybrida). This study describes culture conditions for high frequency plant regeneration from zygotic embryo explants via somatic embryogenesis in rugosa rose. Mature zygotic embryo, cotyledon, and radicle explants formed embryogenic calluses at frequencies of 38, 6.7, and 8.8% when cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium (${\frac{1}{2}}MS$) supplemented with 2.26, 9.05, and $9.05{\mu}M$ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, respectively. Embryogenic calluses produced numerous somatic embryos, which then developed into plantlets on ${\frac{1}{2}}MS$ without growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were grown to whole plants in a growth chamber.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2001

In order to establish efficient plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension cultures of soybean, Glycine max L, we examined the effects of auxin type and concentration, cytokinin type and concentration, and amino acid type and concentration on the growth of embryogenic clumps from induced callus, and the effect of desiccation of mature somatic embryos obtained from these clumps on the frequency of somatic embryo germination. Embryogenic callus was induced from the edge of the cotyledons cultured on MS medium containing 6% sucrose, 40 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2% gelrite and pH 5.7. The growth of embryogenic clumps was best in early staged, embryogenic callus that was placed in suspension culture of MS medium containing 5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L asparagine. Single somatic embryos were isolated from the clumps and plated on the same medium for maturation. When the mature single somatic embryos were desiccated for 96 h, somatic embryo germination came up to approximately 90%. The plantlets germinated after embryos desiccation for 2 weeks were transfered to MS medium containing 3% sucrose,0.2% gelrite and pH 5.7.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2000

A large amount of information is currently available for somatic embryogenesis of plants. However, one common problem related to somatic embryos is that the conversion rate can be low for some species. Apical meristems are responsible for post-embryonic growth of the embryo. The low percentage observed is most likely a result of poor apical meristem development or defects in the meristem organization during somatic embryogenesis. In flowering plants, apical meristems are well developed by the late heart stage of zygotic embryo development. In conifers, such as white spruce, apical meristems are formed at the pre-cotyledon stage. Thus, apical meristem development occurs very early, prior to the maturation stage of embryo development. Once formed, meristems are stably determined. In the somatic embryo, as exemplified by white spruce, since embryo development is not synchronous, tissue differentiation including apical meristem formation occurs throughout the“maturation”stage. Different apical meristem organizations can be found among different individuals within a population. In contrast to their zygotic counterparts, the apical meristems appear not to be stably determined as their organization, as the shoot apical meristem especially, can be easily modified or disrupted. Precocious germination seldom results in functional plantlets. All these observations suggest that the conditions for somatic embryo maturation have not been optimized or are not suitable for meristem formation and development. The following strategies could improve meristem development and hence conversion: 1. Simulate in ouuio conditions to promote meristem development prior to the“maturation”treatment.2. Prevent deterioration of apical meristem organization during somatic embryo maturation.3. Promote further meristem development during embryo germination.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.393-398
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine how an ornamental fish, such as the fighting fish, Betta splendens would respond to the use of freshwater live-prey, such as rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and water fleas Moina macrocopa. Ingested quantity, digestive velocity and somatic growth were compared between larvae fed a freshwater rotifer and those fed boiled yolk. Food efficiency and somatic growth were compared between larvae that were fed freshwater water fleas and those fed a micro-diet developed for flounder ($250{\mu}m$, I-hwa Ltd.). The number of rotifers ingested by larvae reached a maximum of 191 per day. However, based on the number ingested per hour and the digestive velocity of consumed rotifers, the maximum ingestible and digestible number of rotifers was calculated to be 272 per day. A maximum of 67 individuals (mean, 49.8 individuals) could be completely digested within the 1-h period from 90 to 180 min after feeding. Somatic growth was enhanced in larvae that were fed rotifers compared to those fed boiled yolk. Larvae exhibited greater growth at rotifer densities of 30 and 40 per mL than at lower densities. Among the water-flea (M. macrocopa and Bosmina sp.) and micro-particle diets, feeding with M. macrocopa resulted in the greatest somatic growth of larvae during the water-flea feeding stage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 1998

In order to investigate the possibility of in vitro mass propagation via somatic embryogenesis from Sicyos angulatus L., effects of plant growth regulators and carbon sources on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis were evaluated. Optimal combinations of plant growth regulator for callus induction from cotyledon and inflorescence explants were 2,4-D 2.0 mg/L + BA 0.1 mg/L and 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L + BA 0.1 mg/L in MS basal medium supplemented with sucrose 30 g/L,, respectively. Somatic embryogenesis was observed from cultured inflorescence explants, but it could not be achieved from leaf or cotyledon explants. The most effective plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis from callus was NAA 1.0 mg/L + kinetin 10 mg/L in the half strength of MS basal medium supplemented with 20 g/L sucrose.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 1998

This experiments were carried out to determine the optimum concentrations of plant growth regulators for the direct embryogenesis from the cotyledon culture of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Zygotic embryos rescued from true seeds were developed abnormally in the medium containing ABA. But somatic embryogenesis from cotyledons of abnormal seedlings was induced more effectively. Also the somatic embryogenesis from cotyledons was promoted in the medium containing ABA. The frequency of embryogenesis was maximum(59.9%) from the cotyledons cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L ABA on which the frequency of somatic embryos with two cotyledons was 22.6%.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 1990

Our study was carried out for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from immature seeds of Bletilla striata. The highest frequency of embryogenic callus formation was obtained from the immature seeds (at 150 days after pollination) cultured on Hyponex and VW medium supplemented with 3 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg/l kinetin under the dark condition. Multiple somatic embryos were induced when embryogenic callus was transferred to VW medium without growth regulators under continued illumination. Somatic embryos were observed histologically with scanning electron microscopy. Regeneration of Bletilla striata was obtained from somatic embryos with a well-defined scutellum and coleoptile as well as with one or more shoot primordia and root primordia. We think that these methods for orchid multiplication must be useful to access clonal propagation of orchids.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1994

Effects of media and plant growth regulators on the germination of somatic embryos of Angelica tree(Aralia elata Seem.) was studied for the mass production of Angelica tree through tissue culture. MS medium was found to be the most effective for the germination of somatic embryos(65% germination rate), Among the MS medium, the medium containing 25% less inorganic salts and 1% less sucrose was found to be the most effective. Gelling agent with 0.2-0.3% gelrite promoted the germination of somatic embryo$(65{\sim}70%)$ and caused good growth of shoots and roots. 0.1 mg/l of BA and kinetin treatment caused $65{\sim}70%$ germination rate of somatic embryos and good growth of shoots and roots, and resulted in high percentage of dry matter. 1mg/l or 5 mg/l treatment of putrescine, and 10 mg/l treatment of spermidine caused 90% germination rate of somatic embryos and good growth of plant organs, and inhibited vitrification of regenerated plants.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2010

We describe culture conditions for a high-efficiency in vitro regeneration system of Papaver nudicaule through somatic embryogenesis and secondary somatic embryogenesis. The embryogenic callus induction rate was highest when petiole explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg $1^{-1}$ ${\alpha}$-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg $1^{-1}$ 6-benzyladenine (BA) (36.7%). When transferred to plant growth regulator (PGR)-free medium, 430 somatic embryos formed asynchronously from 90 mg of embryogenic callus in each 100-ml flask. Early-stage somatic embryos were transferred to MS medium containing 1.0 mg $1^{-1}$ BA and 1.0 mg $1^{-1}$ NAA to germinate at high frequency (97.6%). One-third-strength MS medium with 1.0% sucrose and 1.0 mg $1^{-1}$ $GA_3$ had the highest frequency of plantlet conversion from somatic embryos (91.2%). Over 90% of regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimated in the greenhouse. Secondary somatic embryos were frequently induced directly when the excised hypocotyls of the primary somatic embryos were cultured on MS medium without PGRs. Sucrose concentration significantly affected the induction of secondary embryos. The highest induction rate (89.5) and number of secondary somatic embryos per explant (9.3) were obtained by 1% sucrose. Most secondary embryos (87.2-94.3%) developed into the cotyledonary stage on induction medium. All cotyledonary secondary embryos were converted into plantlets both in liquid and on semisolid 1/3-strength MS medium with 1.0% sucrose.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.179-189
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• 2008

We established an efficient plant regeneration system for Catharanthus roseus L. (G.) Don through somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic callus was induced from hypocotyl of seed germinated in vitro. Somatic embryogenesis in Catharanthus has been categorized into three distinct stages: (1) initiation and proliferation of embryo; (2) maturation, and; (3) germination or plantlet conversion. Beside plant growth regulators, various stages of embryogenesis were screened for their response to a wide variety of factors (pH, gelrite, light, sugar alcohols, polyethyleneglycol and amino acids), which affect embryogenesis. All of the tested factors had a small to marked influence on embryogeny and eventual conversion to plantlets. The plantlets were acclimatized successfully in a greenhouse. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a detailed study of various cultural factors which regulate embryogenesis in C. roseus. The results discussed in this paper may be used in mass propagation to produce medicinal raw material, and the embryo precursor cells could be used in genetic modification programmes that aim to improve the alkaloid yield as well.