• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.313-321
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND: Ammonia is a causative substance for the fine particulate matters (PM_2.5) and generates dust through atmospheric reactions. Agricultural sector accounts for 79.3% of ammonia emissions in Korea. Urea and composted organic fertilizer (COF) are used in the soil for the purpose of supplying nutrients in grapevine orchards. This study was conducted to investigate estimates of ammonia emission and examine fruit quality from the rain proof cultivation of the 'Beni Balad', applied by urea and COF to the soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: Urea, COF1, and COF2 were applied at the rates of 119, 135, and 271 kg ha^-1 respectively. Ammonia emissionwas measured using a dynamic flow-through method. CONCLUSION(S): Ammonia emissions by urea and COF treatments to 'Beni Balad' soils under rain proof cultivation were calculated to be 2.63, 12.95, 2.05, and 3.97 kg NH₃-N ha^-1 day^-1, respectively for the control, urea, COF1, and COF2. Urea soil application increased soluble solids, firmness, and anthocyanin content in fruits at harvest, and COF1 application increased the soluble solids and anthocyanin content. For all the treatments, acidity increased in the harvested fruits.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.128-136
• /
• 2016

BACKGROUND: Hydrothermal carbonization reaction is the thermo-chemical energy conversion technology for producing the solid fuel of high carbon density from organic wastes. The hydrothermal carbonization reaction is accompanied by the thermal hydrolysis reaction which converse particulate organic matters to soluble forms (hydro-thermal hydrolysate). Recently, hydrothermal carbonization is adopted as a pre-treatment technology to improve anaerobic digestion efficiency. This research was carried out to assess the effects of hydro-thermal reaction temperature on the methane potential and anaerobic biodegradability in the thermal hydrolysate of organic sludge generating from the wastewater treatment plant of poultry slaughterhouse .METHODS AND RESULTS: Wastewater treatment sludge cake of poultry slaughterhouse was treated in the different hydro-thermal reaction temperature of 170, 180, 190, 200, and 220℃. Theoretical and experimental methane potential for each hydro-thermal hydrolysate were measured. Then, the organic substance fractions of hydro-thermal hydrolysate were characterized by the optimization of the parallel first order kinetics model. The increase of hydro-thermal reaction temperature from 170℃ to 220℃ caused the enhancement of hydrolysis efficiency. And the methane potential showed the maximum value of 0.381 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added in the hydro-thermal reaction temperature of 190℃. Biodegradable volatile solid(VSB) content have accounted for 66.41% in 170℃, 72.70% in 180℃, 79.78% in 190℃, 67.05% in 200℃, and 70.31% in 220℃, respectively. The persistent VS content increased with hydro-thermal reaction temperature, which occupied 0.18% for 170℃, 2.96% for 180℃, 6.32% for 190℃, 17.52% for 200℃, and 20.55% for 220℃.CONCLUSION: Biodegradable volatile solid showed the highest amount in the hydro-thermal reaction temperature of 190℃, and then, the optimum hydro-thermal reaction temperature for organic sludge was assessed as 190℃ in the aspect of the methane production. The rise of hydro-thermal reaction temperature caused increase of persistent organic matter content.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.521-528
• /
• 2000

Conditions for processing dried condiments with powdered sea tangle were investigated. The most appropriate method for sea tangle extraction was two-stage extraction, that extracted with addition of 70% ethyl alcohol at $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour and residue was re-extracted with water(1:15, w/w) at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. The yield of soluble solids under above-mentioned conditions was 14.9%. As a result of omission tests, free amino acids were predominated in the taste compounds of sea tangle extracts rather than nucleotides, and the contribution of free amino acids and nucleotides to the taste of sea tangle extracts was remarkable. The major flavoring components of sea tangle extracts were matters of low molecular weight such as free amino acids and oligopeptides below 5,700 dalton. Contents of carbohydrate, total nitrogen and amino nitrogen in dried condiments prepared with sea tangle extracts were 64.9%, 3.7% and 2.1%, respectively. And drying yield, solubility and absorption rates at Aw 0.88 were 14.7%, 98.3% and 8.4%, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.209-216
• /
• 2013

This study focused on a comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the springtime air quality influenced by both artificial (particulate matter (PM) and asbestos) and biological (pollen) sources in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. An intensive measurement of PM was conducted at four characteristic sites (i.e., a heavy traffic area, a residential area, an industrial area, and a desolate area) in the Fukuoka Prefecture during spring of 2007. Analysis of major ionic species in $PM_{2.5}$ was performed by an Ion Chromatography, and asbestos and pollen were identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). $PM_{2.5}$ concentration ($65.3{\mu}gm^{-3}$) measured in an industrial area (site C) was extraordinarily high compared to those monitored in other areas; it greatly exceeded the Japan's $PM_{2.5}$ criteria (a daily average of $35{\mu}gm^{-3}$). NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion model suggests that this high level of $PM_{2.5}$ monitored at site C is unlikely to affect the Asian continent. The ambient concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$-related anions ($NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$) and their relative contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ were also investigated in four study areas. The concentrations of these major water-soluble ions exhibit not only strong spatial dependence but also different ratios to each other. Asbestos fiber (crocidolite and amosite) concentration values changed in the range of 2.5 to 14.4 f per liter of air. The number of pollen grains showed that Cedar ranked higher in concentration than other types of pollen, with the maximum concentration at site A.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.129-137
• /
• 1981

The purpose of this study was to extract saponin efficiently from ginseng leaves and peelings by macerating them with microbial enzyme. To begin with, we selected G-211 strain having the highest macerating activity among several rotting molds of fresh ginseng. Crude macerating enzyme was prepared from this G-2l1 strain by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and was applied to macerating leaves and peelings of ginseng. The optimal pH of the enzyme for maceration was 5.0 in both leaves and peelings of ginsen g. The optimal pH for the extraction of soluble matters and saponins was 4.5 and 5.5 in ginseng leaves and ginseng peelings, respectively. When this enzyme was treated together with crude cellulase from Trichoderma viride (To4), the extract content of saponin was 3.45% for ginseng leaves and 3.90% for ginseng peelings. Their yields were 39.8 % and 39.3 % of total saponin amounts in ginseng leaves and ginseng peelings, respectively. The ginsenoside patterns of saponins extracted with the treatment of enzymes were also studied by HPLC technics.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.128-133
• /
• 2006

The paved areas in nonpoint source are highly polluted landuses because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from vehicle activities. Particularly, the metal pollutants are a big issue in the paved area. It is usually washed-off during storms by adsorbing on sediments or soluble status. Therefore, this research was achieved for understanding the characteristics of metal pollutants in stormwater runoff in highways. Five monitoring sites were equipped with an automatic rainfall gage and an automatic flow meter. This manuscripts will summarize the washoff characteristics of metal pollutants and its concentration changes during storms. Usually first flush phenomenon was observed for all of the storm events and visibly confirmed with hydro- and polluto-graphs. Also it was coincided with the tendency of particulates and organic matters. The decrease rate per total reduced amount for metals during initial 30-min storm duration was obtained on 80%. The result may be able to use for determining the economical treatment criteria for stormwater runoff in highways.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2020

The objectives of this research were the reduction of membrane fouling and improvement of sludge properties by using synthesized H-ZSM-5 and NH₄-ZSM-5 zeolites. These two nano zeolites were synthesized and added to the membrane bioreactor (MBR). Three similar MBRs with the same operational condition were used in order to evaluate their effect on the mentioned matters. The evaluated parameters were trans-membrane pressure (TMP), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size distribution (PSD), soluble microbial product (SMP), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and, excitation-emission matrix (EEM). The MBR₀ was without any additional zeolite while 0.4 g/L of H-ZSM-5 and NH₄-ZSM-5 were added to MBR_HZSM-5 and MBR_NH4ZSM-5, respectively. The COD removal of the MBR₀, MBR_H-ZSM-5 and MBR_NH4-ZSM-5 were 87.5%, 93.3% and 94.6%, respectively. The TMP of the MBR_H-ZSM-5 was 45% less than MBR₀ whereas the reduction for MBR_NH4-ZSM-5 was 65.5%. Also results showed that both H-ZSM-5 and NH₄-ZSM-5 caused reduction in protein and polysaccharide related EPS but the NH₄-ZSM-5 had better performance toward the elimination of organic compounds.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.181-194
• /
• 2001

Dried noodles was manufactured by wheat flour and saline solution mixture. At this time, saline solution mixture was used for simple saline solution and mixture(blending ratio of PNSO and emulsifier=2:1, w/w) of both pine needle seasoning oil (PNSO) manufactured by autoclaving method and food emulsifier. Water absorption ratio, volume expansion ratio and water soluble solid matters content were decreased, but cooking time was prolonged, respectively. According to, suitable treating amount of PNSO was 2-3%(w/w) level. On organoleptic test, the peculiar green color was appeared in cooked noodles of PNSO treating groups. The surface was slickly, chewy rheology and texture were improved at PNSO treating cooked noodle. During 20-30 minutes after cooking, chewy characteristics was maintained the treating groups more than PNSO 2%(w/w). At the result, this PNSO treatin dried noodle samples were suitable at the institutional food service as well as dining hal1 for the case of large scale's kitchen work.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 2010

In this study, odorous compounds emitted from various wastewater treatment were treated with using the non-thermal plasma reaction, and the effluent gas from the plasma reactor was introduced to a waste sludge reactor to achieve simultaneous sludge reduction. Hydrogen sulfide, the model odorous compound, was removed at 70% using the plasma reaction, and greater than 99% removal efficiency was observed when treated by the sludge reactor. In addition, the sludge reactor showed a high efficiency of ozone removal. As ozone reacted with sludge, oxidation with organic matters took place, and total COD decreased by 50~60% and soluble COD increased gradually. As a result, the integrated process consisting of the non-thermal plasma and the sludge reactor can be successfully applied for the simultaneous treatment of malodorous gas and waste sludge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.755-764
• /
• 2016

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) processes can be implemented on a number of water types, using different technologies and achieving various power outcomes. In this study, Sewage facility effluent was used for feed solution of PRO and synthetic NaCl water for draw solution. This study was conducted to investigate effect of water quality of pretreatment on power density and flux decline in PRO process. The results show that organic and particulate foulants have to be removed for more stable operation. Flourescence technique with EEM enables to investigate the chemical properties of aquatic organic matter by extracting spectral information. Humic/fulvic matters and soluble microbial by-products were analyzed as the most affecting factors on the PRO performance. As a result of analyzing the whole system based on the energy consumption of the unit process, specific energy consumption(SEC) of the applicable technology for PRO pre-treatment should be about $0.2kWh/m^3$ or less.