• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1269-1275
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of soluble protein supplements on concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD) of Korean native steers, and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN concentration in RD and OD. Three ruminally cannulated Korean native steers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of rice straw and corn-based concentrate (control), and that supplemented (kg/d DM basis) with intact casein (0.24; IC) or acid hydrolyzed casein (0.46; AHC). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 2.0 h intervals after a morning feeding. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Concentrations of free AA and total SNAN in RD were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in OD. Although free AA concentration was relatively high, mean peptide was quantitatively the most important fraction of total SNAN in both RD and OD, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis of Korean native steers. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration in OD for the soluble protein supplemented diets during the feeding cycle peaked 2 h post-feeding and decreased thereafter whereas that for the control was relatively constant during the entire feeding cycle. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration was rather similar between RD and OD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.384-389
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• 2005

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of rice protein concentrate (RPC) in weaning pigs. In expt. I, a 5-week feeding trial was conducted with 126 pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.32${\pm}$0.34 kg). Treatments were spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP; control), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and RPC (phase 1), and dried porcine soluble (DPS; control), SPC and RPC (phase 2). An ileal digestibility trial was also conducted to compare digestibility of amino acids in the tested protein sources. In expt. II, 160 weaning pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.65${\pm}$0.35 kg) were used in a 5-week feeding trial to determine the optimal inclusion level of RPC in the diet. Treatments were control (9% SPC), and three levels of RPC instead of SPC in the diets (3, 6 and 9%). During phase 1, pigs fed SDPP showed better (p<0.05) ADG and FCR compared with those fed SPC or RPC, while there was no difference in ADFI among treatments. During phase 2, however, pigs fed DPS showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed SPC or RPC. During the total period, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and FCR among treatments. The apparent ileal digestibilities of his, lys, phe, thr and met were not different among the tested protein sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of arg, ile, leu and val were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. The true ileal digestibilities of arg and leu were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP and SPC. However, that of met was higher (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. In expt. II, there were no significant differences in ADG and FCR when SPC was substituted with RPC up to 9% during the total period. In conclusion, based on our experimental results, RPC would replace SPC in the complex prestarter diet, which is somewhat cheaper than SPC.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.645-655
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• 2014

In order to obtain pure metallic Te from gold concentrate, roasting treatment, hypochlorite leaching, Fe removal and electrolysis experiments were carried out. The contents of Au, Ag and Te from the concentrate sample and roasted sample were much more soluble in the hypochlorite solution than in aqua regia digestion, whereas the metals Pb, Zn, Fe and Cu were easier to leach with the aqua regia than the hypochlorite. With the addition of NaOH in the hypochlorite leaching solution prior to electrolysis, the Fe removal rate achieved was only 96% in the concentrate sample, while it reached 98% in the roasted sample. The results of electrolysis for 240 min, 98% of the metallic copper was recovered from the concentrate sample, while 99% was obtained from the roasted sample due to the removal of S by roasting. The amount of anode slime was also greater in the electrolytic solution with the roasted sample than with the concentrate sample. The results on the anode slime after the magnetic separation process showed the amount of metallic pure native tellurium recovered was greater in the roasted sample than in the concentrate sample.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles of different substrates and microbial communities. In experiment 1, nine diets (high-forage diet (forage:concentrate, e.g. F:C = 7:3, DM basis), medium-forage diet (F:C = 5:5, DM basis), low-forage diet(F:C = 1:9, DM basis), cracked corn, cracked wheat, soluble starch, tall elata (Festuca elata), perennial ryegrass and rice straw) were fermented in vitro by rumen microorganisms from local goats. The results showed that during 24 h incubations, for all substrates, disodium fumarate increased (p<0.05) the gas production, and tended to increase (p<0.10) the acetate, propionate and total VFA concentration and decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate, whereas no treatment effect was observed for the lactate concentration. The apparent DM loss for tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw increased (p<0.05) with the addition of disodium fumarate. With the exception of tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw, disodium fumarate addition increased the final pH (p<0.05) for all substrates. In experiment 2, three substrates (a high-forage diet, a medium-forage diet and a high concentrate diet) were fermented by mixed rumen microbes in vitro. A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique was applied to compare microbial DNA fingerprints between substrates at the end of 24 h incubation. The results showed that when Festuca elata was used as substrate, the control and disodium fumarate treatments had similar DGGE profiles, with their similarities higher than 96%. As the ratio of concentrate increased, however, the similarities in DGGE profiles decreased between the control and disodium fumarate treatment. Overall, these results suggest that disodium fumarate is effective in increasing the pH and gas production for the diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, grain cereals and soluble starch, and in increasing dry matter loss for the forages (tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw) in vitro, whereas its effect on changes of ruminal microbial community may largely depend on the general nature of the substrate.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2001

During storage of 45°Bx cloudy and 72°Bx clear apple juice concentrates for up to 16 weeks at 4$\^{C}$ , -3$\^{C}$ and -15$\^{C}$ respectively, the changes of viable microbial counts, physicochemical properties were investigated and the correlation between the physicochemical properties were determined. During storage for up to 16 weeks, any viable microbes were not found in 45°Bx cloudy apple juice concentrate stored at -3 and -15$\^{C}$ and in 72° Bx clear stored at all three temperature. There were little change in pH and tillable acidity except 45°Bx cloudy apple juice concentrate stored at -4$\^{C}$ . As longer storage time and higher storage temperature, was shown higher redness of color(a value) and alcohol soluble color(ASC) in common. Vitamin C contents were more rapid decreased proportionally to time and temperature of storage. The high correlation coefficients were shown of 0.957∼0.967 between redness and ASC and -0.936∼ -0.864 between redness and vitamin C contents of apple juice concentrate during storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 2000

Appetite stimulant ether-soluble neutral extract of a high-grain compound feed was separated into four fractions with an open column of silica gel chromatograph using four carrier solutions containing n-pentane and diethyl ether as 100:0 (Fraction A), 90:10 (Fraction B), 75:25 (Fraction C) and 0:100 (Fraction D). The stimulative effects of the fractions were examined by comparing the intake of hay (with or without the fractions) in two-choice test bioassays with cattle. The Fractions A, B and C of the neutral extract stimulated (p<0.05) hay consumption in cattle, whereas Fraction D had no effect on selective feeding when compared with the control fraction. Furthermore, Fractions A, B and C had higher (p<0.05) feeding stimulative indices (FSI) than that of the Fraction D. The results suggest that chemical stimulants to increase palatability of hay are present in the neutral Fractions A, B and C of high-grain concentrate.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of yanggeng prepared with different amounts of Rehmanniae radix Preparata (RRP) concentrate. Moisture, acidity, soluble solids, and reducing sugar contents of the control were the lowest, followed in order by the 3%, 6%, and 9% RRP addition. The pH of 9% RRP added yanggeng was the lowest, followed in order by the 6% and 3% additions. The lightness value of the Hunter color system decreased based on the amount of RRP concentrate added to yanggeng. In the texture analysis, the hardness and cohesiveness of the 9% RRP added yanggeng were the highest among the treatments. Total phenol content was the highest in 9% RRP added yanggeng. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, were the highest in the 9% RRP added yanggeng. In the sensory evaluation for yanggeng, the sensory scores for overall preference and texture were the highest in the 6% RRP added yanggeng The result was suggested that the optimum amount of RRP concentrate to add to yanggeng was 6%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.706-711
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• 1992

Silkworm larvae protein concentrate was partially hydrolyzed at $50^{\circ}C$ by papain at pH 2.0 and pepsin at pH 7.0 for 10min and 60min and the effect of enzymatic modification on the functional properties of silkworm larvae protein concentrate was examined. The degrees of hydrolysis measured by TCA-soluble nitrogen content were 10.2% and 19.2% when hydrolyzed by pepsin for 10min and 60min. The nitrogen solubility in water and 0.03M $CaCl_2$ was increased with increasing the degree of hydrolysis, and bulk density, water and oil absorption were also enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis when compared with the control.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of jelly made from fermented red ginseng concentrate (FRGC) that can be easily absorbed and digested for the health promotion of the elderly. The pH of the jellies tended to decrease with increasing concentration of FRGC. Soluble solid content has significantly higher value when added more than 2%, and the water content of the sample was significantly lower when the FRGC was added 4%. As the amount of FRGC was increased, the total color difference increased, and the hardness of samples decreased significantly. On the other hand, the total ginsenoside contents of the FRGC was 45.50 mg/g. As the concentration of FRGC increased, the content of polyphenol and flavonoids increased. The increasing pattern of polyphenols and flavonoids showed a similar trend. As the content of FRGC increased, ABTS free radical scavenging activity significantly increased (p<0.05), and in the control, the minimum value (62.6 AEAC) and the 4% sample were highest (116.2 AEAC). DPPH radical scavenging activity was like that of ABTS radical scavenging activity. However, there was no significant difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity of 3% and 4% red ginseng jelly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 1987

In order to utilize the tuber of Jerusalem artichoke (Jerusalem tuberosus L.) which has been considered one of the most economical resources for bioenergy, the tubers of the plant were processed into silage in 11 lab-silo with three levels of mixture of concentrates i.e. 10, 20, 30%. The silage was stored for 20 to 40 days before analyses. The quality of silage was compared with those of the tube-only silage without concentrates. Aproximate composition, pH, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic acids were analyzed. The results obtained are summarized ; 1. With the mixture of concentrates, the water content of the silage was able to be adjusted to 70 percent and NDF significantly increased (P<0.05) while ADF significantly decreased. 2. The content of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) was significantly decreased in silages of the mixture of concentrate and the tuber (P<0.05), while total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen increased. 3. Tube-only silage gave satisfaction in fermentation, particularly organic-acid fermentation. As the storage period extended, Flieg's score of the silage was improved. Conclusively, the tuber of Jerusalem artichoke found to satisfy the requirements of good silage and to be recommended as a good resource for all-inane silage provided the tuber was ensilaged with 20 to 30 percent concentrate.