• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-41
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• 1997

Hot-water soluble extracts were prepared from medium-sized barks of Siberian larch (Larix gmelineii). The extracts were fractionated by ultrafiltration method for producing uniform quality of adhesives. Molecular weight distribution of the extracts was ranged of 100 to 300.000. pH of the extracts affected amounts of flux, and the range of pH 6~pH 8 was proper for wood adhesives, because of easy concentration and fast gelation time. Removal of particles greater than $0.45{\mu}m$ from the extracts increased both filtration speed (flux) and yields of solids in the filtrates. In ultrafiltration process. operating pressure, filtrate temperature, and flow rate significantly increased with the increase of individual condition. Ultrafiltration using PM10 membrane was very effective to fractionate and concentrate the extracts. Removal of large particles greater than 0.45 m from the extracts increased filtration speed(flux) and yields of solids in the filtrates. A gelation time was accelerated with the increasing pH of the extracts and its concentration. The Stiasny precipitate(26%) from the filtrate obtained by PM 10 membrane was very lower than that(78%) of the retentates. This ultrafiltration method was efficient for obtaining high yield purified phenolic compounds.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 1993

3리터의 실험실 크기의 플러그 흐름의 혐기성 소화기를 사용하여 grain dust로부터 메탄가스를 생산하였다. 이 실험에서 사용한 소화기는 온도(35, 45, 55$^{\circ}C$), 체류 시간(6, 12일), 초기농도(7.8, 9.0% Total Solids)의 함수로 10가지 조건에서 실험이 행하여 졌는데, 실험 결과 55$^{\circ}C$, 6일 HRT, 7.8%TS 에서 가장 높은 메탄가스를 생산하였으며, 실험결과를 토대로 메탄가스생산 관계식을 제시하였다. 또한, 위의 실험의 조건에서는 thermophilic 의 경우가 mesophilic 경우보다 메탄가스 생성이 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.766-771
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• 1999

The first paper of this series compared the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on herbage yields and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting system. This paper compares the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa, orchardgrass, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and alfalfa-orchardgrass mixture managed as a 5-cutting system. The results presented here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing alfalfa, various grasses, and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from dairy slurry applied to established stands. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and frequency of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots were the forage species. Manure used for the study was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall dairy barn. Water was added to from a slurry having about 8 % solids. Slurry was pumped from the liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden watering cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields of alfalfa, tall fescue, and alfalfa-orchardgrass were generally not affected by slurry application rates and were not significantly different from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Tall fescue significantly outyielded all other forage species at all manure and the inorganic fertilizer treatments in the second year when rainfall during the growing season was unusually high. Grasses generally had a greater response to manure applications than alfalfa and alfalfa-orchardgrass. Increasing rates of manure did not increase herbage yields of alfalfa and alfalfa-orchardgrass. Herbage yields within each species were not affected by frequency of application of the same total rate. Stand ratings of alfalfa, orcahrdgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass were significantly lower for the very high manure application rate compared to the control treatment. Based upon the results of this study, multiple annual applications of slurry manure can be made onto these species at rates up to $1,700kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ without detrimental effects on herbage yield and stand persistence.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2002

본 연구는 하수처리장에서 발생되는 슬러지를 열분해공정에 대한 운전특성을 연구하였다. 운전조건의 중요한 변수로는 열분해시간, 건조와 열분해 공정의 시간비율, 슬러지 함수율, 슬러지 고형물량(TS비율), 열분해 온도조건의 영향을 조사하였다. 슬러지 열분해 단계의 반응속도는 1차 반응으로 나타났다. 이 반응식은 슬러지 열분해반응의 메카니즘의 기초가 된다. 열분해 온도증가에 따라서 생산물은 오일 및 타르 변화가 일어났고, 열분해 가스화에 의해서 생산된 생성물의 조성도 변화가 일어났다. 열분해 온도변화에 따라서 주요 부산물인 가스와 탄소성분은 다르게 분포되어졌다. 생성가스 구성성분은 대부분이 $CH_4$, $C_2H_4$, $C_3H_8$, $C_4H_{10}$, toluene, $C_6H_6$, $SO_2$, CO와 타르로 구성되었다. 열분해 온도 $670^{\circ}C$의 조건에서는 $C_1-C_4$탄소계열의 가스 생성이 증가되어졌고, $600^{\circ}C$의 열분해 조건에서는 $C_1-C_4$탄소계열의 가스생성량은 감소하는 반면 톨루엔과 벤젠 성분을 가진 오일류 생성이 증가되었다. 특히 고형물의 산물인 타르는 $670^{\circ}C$일 때 슬러지 1t당 134kg으로 낮게 발생된 반면, 열분해온도가 $600^{\circ}C$일 때 134kg/t으로 생성량이 감소되었다. 타르는 분석결과 대부분이 탄소성분이었고, 슬러지의 열분해에서 가스로 생성되는 과정은 온도가 높은 경우 효과적임이 밝혀졌다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2006

This study examined the effect of cane molasses and fermentation time on chemical composition and characteristics of oat grass silage (OGS) and its in situ digestion kinetics, intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Oat grass (OG) harvested at 50-days of age was ensiled in laboratory silos with cane molasses at the rate of 0, 2, 4 and 6% of OG dry matter (DM) for 30, 35 and 40 days. Silage pH was decreased while lactic acid content increased with increasing level of cane molasses and fermentation time. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and true protein (TP) content of OGS were (p<0.05) significantly higher with higher cane molasses levels. However, they were not affected by the fermentation time. Similar trends were observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, acid detergent lignin and ash content of OGS. The OG ensiled for 30-days with 2% molasses was screened from laboratory study and used to determine comparative in situ DM and NDF digestion kinetics of OG and its silage. In situ DM and NDF digestibilities of OG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than OGS. Ruminal DM and NDF lag time, rate and extent of digestion of OG and its silage were similar. Two experimental diets of OG and OGS were formulated using 75:25 forage to concentrate ratio on a DM basis. Dry matter and CP intakes were similar in lactating buffaloes fed either OG- or OGS-based diets. However, NDF intake was higher in buffaloes fed the OG-compared with OGS-based diet. Apparent DM, CP and NDF digestibilities were similar in lactating buffaloes fed either OG- or OGS-based diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was similar in buffaloes fed either OG-(10.3 kg/d) or OGS-(9.95 kg/d) based diets. Milk fat, total solids and true protein content were higher with OG compared with the OGS diet. Solids not fat and CP content were similar in milk of buffalo fed either OG or OGS. The results of this study indicate that OG ensiled with 2% molasses could safely replace 75% DM of green oat fodder in the diets of lactating buffaloes without negatively affecting intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2009

음식물쓰레기와 종이류로 구성된 유기성고형폐기물(고형물 함량 30% TS)을 대상으로 중온 건식혐기성소화를 시도하였고, 연속 운전 중 수리학적 체류 시간(HRT)을 150일, 100일, 60일, 40일로 감소시켰다. 기질의 고형물 농도를 30% TS (Total Solids)로 고정하였기 때문에 각각의 HRT에 해당하는 고형물 부하는 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5 kg TS/$m^3$/d였다. HRT를 줄임에 따라 단위용적 당 바이오가스 생산 속도는 증가하였고, HRT 40일에서 3.49${\pm}$0.31 $m^3/m^3/d$로 가장 높은 성능을 보였다. 이 때, 76%의 휘발성 고형물(VS) 분해율이 유지되었고, 0.25 $m^3$/kg $TS_{added}$의 메탄 생산 전환율을 보였으며, 이는 기질의 67.4%에 해당하는 에너지가 메탄 가스로 전환된 것을 의미한다. HRT 100일에서 0.52 $m^3$/kg $TS_{added}$로 가장 높은 바이오가스 전환율을 보였지만, 모든 HRT에서 0.45${\sim}$0.52 $m^3$/kg $TS_{added}$로 큰 차이가 나지 않았다. 고형물 함량이 높은 기질의 원활한 주입을 위해 소화조 발효액의 일부를 기질 투입구로 반송하여 기질과 혼합 후 주입하였다. 주입하고자 하는 기질의 5배에 해당하는 양의 소화조 발효액을 반송하여 혼합하였을 때, 가장 효과적인 기질 주입이 이루어졌다. 중온 건식 조건에서 서식하는 메탄 소화균의 활성도를 측정한 결과, 아세트산, 뷰틸산, 프로피온산을 이용할 경우 각각 2.66, 1.94, 1.20 mL $CH_4/g$ VS/d였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2019

본 연구는 단수수 '초롱'(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)의 재식밀도(16.7, 11.1, 8.3, 6.7, 5.6주${\cdot}m^{-2}$)에 따른 생육, 착즙액의 수량 및 품질을 비교하고 적정 재식밀도와 다변량 분석을 통해 수량에 관계된 요인을 분석하고자 수행하였다. 재식밀도에 따라 파종 후 일수별 주경장은 처리간 차이가 없었으나 재식밀도가 높아짐에 따라 경태는 얇아지고 분지의 퇴화가 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 수확기 추정한 착즙액과 당수량은 재식밀도가 높은 16.7 (각각 42.9, $4.16Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), 11.1 (37.1, $3.73Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$)주${\cdot}m^{-2}$ 처리구가 8.3(30.5, $2.96Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), 6.7 (26.6, $2.41Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), 5.6 (24.7, $2.22Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$)주${\cdot}m^{-2}$ 처리구보다 많았다. 가용성 고형물 및 유리당 함량은 통계적인 차이는 없었으나 11.1, 8.3주${\cdot}m^{-2}$ 처리구에서 높은 편이었다. 반면 재식밀도가 5.6~11.1주${\cdot}m^{-2}$까지 증가했을 때 도복지수(9에 가까울수록 도복피해가 커짐)가 2.00~6.33까지 급격히 증가하여 최종 재식밀도의 결정시 태풍의 도래 횟수나 지형적인 특성 등을 고려해야 할 것이다. 추가적으로 조사항목간 상관분석과 주성분 분석에서 재식밀도는 생경수량($r=0.62^{**}$), 건물수량($r=0.58^{**}$), 착즙액($r=0.63^{**}$) 및 당수량($r=0.66^{**}$)과는 정의관계를, 주경의 굵기($r=-0.65^{**}$)와는 부의관계를 나타내었다. 또한 수량 관련 요인들은 초장, 경태, 마디수와 통계적 관계가 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.516-519
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing whole crop corn silage (WCCS) with whole crop rice silage (WCRS) in the total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient intake, milk yield and its composition in Holstein cows. The Chucheong rice variety (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) and corn (Pioneer 32 P75) were harvested at yellow-ripe stage and were ensiled in round bales and in trench silos, respectively. Two TMR containing either WCCS or WCRS were prepared. These diets were randomly assigned to 16 midlactating Holstein cows (8 cows per treatment) and were fed for 120 days. The first 20 days were used for dietary adaptation and for the next 100 days daily feed intake, milk yield and its composition were recorded. The pH, lactic acid, NDF, ADF, CP, Ca and P contents were similar in WCRS and WCCS. The DM, ash and EE contents of WCRS were greater compared with WCCS. Nutrient (DM, NDF, TDN and CP) intakes were similar in cows fed WCCS- and WCRS-based TMR. Daily and 4% fat corrected milk yield were not affected by the treatments. Milk composition (percent milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids) was similar in cows fed either WCCS- or WCRSbased TMR. The concentration of milk urea N was greater in cows fed WCRS-based TMR than those fed WCCS-based TMR. In conclusion, round-baled WCRS can replace WCCS in the diet of mid- to late-lactating Holsteins without any deleterious effects on feed consumption, milk yield and its composition. The present findings raise the possibility that WCRS can be used as an alternative roughage source in the diets of dairy cows in countries with surplus rice production.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2013

Objectives: This study compared Gumiganghwal-tang (GGT) decoctions produced using different pressure levels for various extraction times to determine the optimal extraction conditions through hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total soluble solids content (TSSC), extraction yield, and content of chemical compounds. Methods: Decoctions were prepared by the pressure levels of 0 or $1kgf/cm^2$ for 30-180 min. The pH and TSSC were measured, the extraction yield was calculated, and the amounts of the chemical compounds were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The higher pressure and longer extraction time decreased the pH value, while those conditions increased TSSC and extraction yield: the decoction produced in 180 min by pressurized method showed the minimum value of pH, but maximum values of TSSC and extraction yield. The chemical compounds showed higher amounts in decoctions produced by non-pressurized methods than pressurized methods and their amounts were decreased over the peak extraction time in both pressurized and non-pressurized methods. The results of regression analysis confirmed the correlative influences of the pressure and extraction time on pH, TSSC, and extraction yield. Conclusions: This study suggests that pressure and extraction time influence the compositional constituents in GGT decoctions, and the non-pressurized method for 120 min should be chosen as the optimal extraction condition for the preparation of GGT decoction.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.13.1-13.5
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• 2014

The production performance of multiparous lactating Sahiwal cows (n = 24) was evaluated according to both milking frequency and method. Selected animals were randomly divided into four groups containing six animals each under a completely randomized design. Cows in groups A & B were milked by the hand milking method three times per day, respectively. Similarly, cows in groups C & D were milked by the machine milking method two and three times per day, respectively. All animals were maintained under uniform feeding and management conditions. Dry matter intake was high in animal groups milked three times per day, and it remained unchanged between the hand and machine milking methods. Milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) in cows milked three times compared to those milked twice per day, and it did not differ between hand and machine milking methods. Milk fat percentage was higher (P < 0.05) in cows milked twice per day compared to those milked three times using both machine and hand milking methods. The percentage of total solids showed a similar pattern as the fat percentage. However, percentages of protein, lactose, and non-fat solids in milk were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. Collectively, the results show that milking three times per day instead of twice at 8-hour intervals can enhance milk yield in Sahiwal cows using both hand and machine milking methods.