• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.135-151
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• 1977

The present paper summerizes the studies on clay mineralogical characteristics of Korean soil, relationship between potassium and clay minerals, potassium release pattern of clay minerals and utilization of clay minerals for soil conditioner and fertilizers, which have been carried out in this laboratory. 1. The red yellow podzolic soil is mostly abundant in the upland of Korea and mainly consists of halloysite and weathered intermediates of mica such as illite and vermiculite. 2. With regard to soil parent material, kaolin mineral occurs abundant in soils derived from granite and granite gneiss. Mica is dominant in basaltic soil. The main clay mineral of the soil, originated from the Tertiary, is found montmorillonite and the volcanic soil of Jeju Island has plenty of allophane as its main clay mineral. 3. It is confirmed that the soil fertility depends on the composition of clay minerals. The red yellow podzolic soil, containing lot of kaolin, shows low productivity while the montmorillonite soil has higher productivity. 4. The release rate of solid phase potassium (micas and fixed potassium) follows the 1st order reaction equation in the equilibrium solution of $IN-NH_4OAc$. The potassium release constant is positively correlated with the mica content of the clay but negatively correlated with the content of $14.5{\AA}$ minerals. On the other hand, the potassium release constant has very high correlation with the ratio(Kex/Kt) of exchangeable potassium(Kex) to total potassium(Kt). 5. It is also found that Kex/Kt has rather high correlation with the content of mica and $14.5{\AA}$ minerals existed in the clay as well as the mica content of the soil.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of the dolomite particle and the shell powder on soil characteristics, dry matter yield and nutritive value of forages in loam soil at the experimental field of National Livestock Research Institute, Suwon, from 1994 to 1996. Application treatments were control, lime, dolomite 0.5, 2.0, 4.0mm, and shell powder in mixed pasture. Rate of dust occurrence was greatly decreased according to dolomite application and the dissolving rate in soil was highest in shell powder application among treatments. Although there was no significant difference, average dry matter yield of forages for 3 years was slightly increased with the application of lime, shell powder, dolomite 0.5mm, 4.0mm, 2.0mm and control in order. Both Ca and Mg contents of forages were no differences among treatments in 1994. However, all treatments were higher than those of control in 1995. And K and Na contents of forages were no differences among treatments. Lime requirement was greatly increased from 2,630 to 6,150kg per ha with the lapse of time. Although soil hardness was optimum level at first, it was likely to become hard little by little after treatments. Solid phase of soil was lowered a little except for control. Organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ contents of soil were highest in shell powder application among treatments, and K, Ca and Mg contents of soil were no differences among treatments. Ca content was increased a little in 1995, but decreased a little in 1996 compared to that of soil before treatments in 1994. AIso, Mg content was lowered than that of soil before experiment in 1995 and 1996. The results demonstrated that use of dolomite and shell powder as lime substitutes could be reduced dust problem and coast pollution as well as soil improvement. Therefore, it is desirable to apply the dolomite and the shell powder every 3 years in loam soil.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.323-330
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• 2015

Alkaptonuria, a rare inherited metabolic disease, is characterized by a lack of homogentisate dioxygenase and accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA), leading to homogentisic aciduria, arthritis, and ochronosis. In this study, a rapid analytical method, without an expensive and tedious solid phase extraction step, was developed to quantify HGA in plasma using GC-MS. HGA-spiked pooled plasma samples were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate, followed by trimethylsilyl derivatization (TMS) and GC-MS quantification using selected ion monitoring. The formation of TMS derivative of the 1 carboxylic and 2 hydroxyl functional groups was performed by reacting BSTFA (with 10% TMCS) for 5 min at 80 ℃. For selected ion monitoring, quantification and confirmation ions were determined based on specific ions (m/z 384, m/z 341 and m/z 252) of the TMS derivative of HGA. Calibration curves of pooled normal plasma specimens showed a linear relationship in the range of 1-100 ng/µL. The precision and accuracy were within a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1 to 15% and a bias of -5 to 25%. Recoveries were obtained in the range of 99-125% and 95-115% for intra-day and inter-day assay, respectively, at 2, 20 and 80 ng/µL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.4 ng/µL and 4 ng/µL, respectively. No homogentisic acid was excreted from normal Korean plasma samples. Collectively, the results from the present study suggest that this method could be useful for routine diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of alkaptonuria patients with excellent sensitivity and rapidity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2010

Veterinary antibiotics have been used to treat disease and to promote growth of livestock. However, the total amount of veterinary antibiotics in Korea was much greater than other developed countries, and there is a high potential to release residual of antibiotics to environment. Consequentially, released antibiotics into the environment produces antibiotic resistant bacteria and causes adverse effects on human health. The objective of this research was to monitor antibiotic concentration in the environment adjacent to facilities which compose chicken manure. Total of 10 antibiotics were selected based on the total amount of higher usage in Korea, and its residuals were measured from surface water, soil and sediment. The frequencies of detected antibiotics were ranged 31-92% from soil, 0-93% from water, and 33-93% from sediment. Generally, a higher frequency was observed in soil or sediment than water. Different ranges in concentration among 4 different antibiotic groups was found from not detected(N.D.) to 35.6 ${\mu}g/kg$ for soil, N.D. to 19.2 ${\mu}g/L$ for water and N.D. to 114.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ for sediment. Our findings suggest that solid phase such as soil and sediment is a critical component to be needed to conduct the environmental impact assessment of antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.207-211
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• 1996

This study was conducted in the sandy loam soil to find out the effects of fly ash and zeolite applications on saving of irrigation water which was required great quantities during the cultivation days of dry seeded rice. Total water loss was reduced so rapidly in the early growth stage that n was the least in the 18th day after irrigation. After that day it was increasd due to the growth development and the rising temperature. In the daily mean of decreasing water level during the whole irrigation days, control was 47.7mm but the treatments of fly ash and zeolite were 31.8mm and 35.8mm respectively Amounts of the presumed irrigation water of fly ash and zeolite treatments were lower about 29.1% and 20.9%. respectively than that of control during the whole irrigation days These gaps between control and amendment treatments were greater in the early growth stage than in the late stage Hardness, bulk density and the ratio of solid phase in the soil after experiment were the highest in the fly ash treatment and those of control and zeolite treatments were showed the same trends each other. Amounts of water percoration of control and zeolite treatments in the soil were increased 8.2% and 2.6% respectively in comparision with those in the soil after amendment application, but that of fly ash treatment was decreased 42.5%, In contrast to the water percoration of control in the soil after experiment, those of fly ash and zeolite treatments were decreased 76% and 32%.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1999

Background: NF-$\kappa$B is a characteristic transcriptional factor whose functional activity is determined by post-translational modification of protein and subsequent change of subcellular localization. The involvement of the NF-$\kappa$B family of the transcription factors in the control of such vital cellular functions as immune response, acute phase reaction, replication of certain viruses and development and differentiation of cells has been clearly documented in many previous studies. Several recent observations have suggested that the NF-$\kappa$B might also be involved in the carcinogenesis of some hematological and solid tumors. Investigating the possibility that members of the NF-$\kappa$B family participate in the molecular control of malignant cell transformation could provide invaluable information on both molecular pathogenesis and cancer-related gene therapy. Method: To determine the expression patterns and functional roles of NF-$\kappa$B family transcription factors in human lung cancer cell lines NCI-H792, NCI-H709, NCI-H226 and NCI-H157 were analysed by western blot, using their respective antibodies. The nuclear and the cytoplasmic fraction of protein extract of these cell lines were subsequently obtained and NF-$\kappa$B expression in each fraction was again determined by western blot analysis. The type of NF-$\kappa$B complex present in the cells was determined by immunoprecipitation. To detect the binding ability of cell-line nuclear extracts to the KB consensus oligonucleotide, electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) was performed. Results: In the cultured human lung cancer cell lines tested, transcription factors of the NF-$\kappa$B family, namely the p50 and p65 subunit were expressed and localized in the nuclear fraction of the cellular extract by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that in the cell, the p50 and p65 subunits made NF-$\kappa$B complex. Finally it was shown by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay(EMSA) that nuclear extracts of lung cancer cell lines are able to bind to NF-$\kappa$B consensus DNA sequences. Conclusion: These data suggest that in human lung cancer cell lines the NF-$\kappa$B p50/p65 complex might be activated. and strengthen the hypothesis that NF-$\kappa$B family transcription factors might be involved in the carcinogenesis of human lung cancer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.220-227
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• 2004

Phosphorus desorption study is essential to understanding P behavior in agricultural and environmental soils because phosphorus is considered as two different aspects, a plant nutrient versus an environmental contaminant. This study was conducted to determine soil P buffering power related to P desorption quantity intensity (Q/I) parameters, $Q_{max}$(an index of P release capacity) and $l_0$(an index of the intensity factor), and to investigate the characteristics of relationship between the P desorption Q/I parameters and the soil properties. Soil samples were prepared with treatments of 0 and $100mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ applied as $KH_2PO_4$ solution. The P desorption Q/I curves were obtained by a procedure using anion exchange resin beads and described by an empirical equation ($Q=aI^{-1}+bln(I+1)+c$). The P desorption Q/I curves for the high available P (${\g}20mg\;kg^{-1}$ of Olsen P) soils were characteristic concave trends with or without soil P enrichment, whereas for the low available P (${\lt}20mg\;kg^{-1}$ of Olsen P) soils, the anticipated Q/I concave curves could not be obtained without a proper amount of P addition. When the soils were enriched in phosphates, the values of desorbed solid phase labile P and solution P, such as $Q_{max}$ and $I_0$ respectively, were increased, but the ratio of $Q_{max}$ versus $I_0$ was decreased. Thus, the slope of desorption Q/I curve represented as phosphorus buffering power, $|BP_0|$, is decreased. The $|BP_0|$ values of the high available P soils ranged between 48 and $61L\;kg^{-1}$ in the P untreated samples and between 18 and $44L\;kg^{-1}$ in the P enriched samples. Overall $|BP_0|$ values of both low and high available P soils treated with $l00mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ ranged between 14 and $79L\;kg^{-1}$. The $Q_{max}$, values ranged between 71.4 and $173.1mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$, and the lo values ranged between 0.98 and $3.82mg\;P\;L^{-1}$ in the P enriched soils. The $Q_{max}$ and $I_0$ values that control the P buffering power may be not specifically related to a specific soil property, but those values were complicatedly related to soil pH, clay content, soil organic matter content, and lime. Also, phosphorus release activity, however, markedly depended on the desorbability of the applied P as well as the native labile P.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2013

Unlike general microwave, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffusor) Microwave used in this study is known as a new technology that enhances the sterilization effect with low power because it is possible to induce the average sterilization by changing wavelength phase difference. Therefore, basic research was conducted on the function that could sterilize culture media for plant factory by using environmentally friendly and low energy consuming QRD Microwave. The results are as follows: It was confirmed that there was no external deformation in the polyurethane foam and rock wool medium when changing the microwave level between 2 and 8 kW in different water content of culture media. However, PDA solid media at 2 kW were not dissolved in 60 and 180 seconds. All of the media were dissolved in other processing. There was little difference in the microwave irradiation level and surface temperature of the strain according to the processing time between Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. In the sterility test according to the microwave irradiation level and processing time, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. grew in the microwave level 2 kW regardless of time. In the microwave level 6 kW, all experimental groups except the processing of Burkholderia sp. for 60 seconds were sterilized, and all of Bacillus sp. was killed in the all experimental groups. In the microwave level 8 kW, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. were sterilized regardless of time. The temperature in microwave-processed media after contaminating strains to each medium was maintained at more than 100 in polyurethane foam and rock wool medium after 60 seconds. In general, it was shown that it was possible to sterilize after 60 seconds. Therefore, it is considered that Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. which are the biggest problems in the plant factory can be adequately sterilized by QRD Microwave used in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2012

This study was conducted for the establishment of the analytical method of pesticide residues in rice straw for 9 pesticides; etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran and for the monitoring of these pesticides in rice straw for livestock feed in Korea. These pesticides were classified into 4 groups according to analytical instrument condition. Group 1 (HPLC-UVD1) included tricyclazole and etofenprox while group 2 (HPLC-UVD2) included propiconazole and edifenphos. Group 3 (HPLC-FLD) included carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran. Group 4 (GC-NPD) included Diazinon. The dried rice straw samples were extracted with acetone and purified by liquid-liquid partition and solid phase extraction (SPE): Combination of Florisil SPE and amino-propyl SPE was used for group 1 and group 2, amino-propyl SPE for group 3, and Florisil SPE was for group 4. Recovery was in the ranged 70~110% and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were lower than the half of maximum residue limits. Therefore this method was proved to be efficient for monitoring of these pesticides residue in rice straw. A total of 18 rice straw samples from 6 provinces in Korea in 2010 were analyzed using established method and, only 3-keto carbofuran was detected in one sample at concentration of 0.04 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.152-164
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• 2018

Fermented seasoning pastes were prepared by Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis using three edible insects, Tenebrio molitor larvae (TMP), Gryllus bimaculatus (GBP), and Bombyx mori pupa (SPP), with soybean (SBP) as a negative control. Volatile compounds were extracted by the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method and confirmed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 121 volatiles from four samples were identified and sub-grouped as 11 esters, 18 alcohols, 23 aldehydes, 5 acids, 10 pyrazines, 2 pyridines, 7 aromatic hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, 19 alkanes, 9 amides, 4 furans and 3 miscellaneous. TMP, GBP, SPP and SBP had 48, 54, 36, and 55 volatile compounds, respectively. Overall, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine and trimethylpyrazine were found by a high proportion in all samples. Tetramethylpyrazine, a main flavor of doenjang, a Korean fermented seasoning soybean paste, was identified as one of the major compounds in TMP, SPP, and SBP. SBP had benzaldehyde, hexanal, n-pentanal, and aldehydes and SPP with pyrazines.