• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2010

The vertical response spectra using the observed ground motions from the recent more than 30 macro earthquakes were analysed and then were compared both to the seismic design response spectra (Reg Guide 1.60), applied to the domestic nuclear power plants, and to the Korean Standard Design Response Spectrum for general structures and buildings (1997). 176 vertical ground motions, without considering soil types, were used for normalization with respect to the peak acceleration value of each ground motion. The results showed that response spectrum had strong dependency on epicentral distance. The results also showed that the vertical response spectra revealed much higher values for frequency bands above 5~7 Hz than Reg. Guide (1.60). The results were also compared to the Korean Standard Response Spectrum for the 3 different soil types and showed that the vertical response spectra revealed much higher values for the frequency bands below 0.2 second (5 Hz) than the Korean Standard Response Spectrum (SD soil condition). These frequency-dependent spectral values could be related to the characteristics of the domestic crustal attenuation and the effect of each site amplification. However, through the qualitative improvements and quantitative enhancement of the observed ground motions, the conservation of vertical seismic design response spectrum should be considered more significantly for the frequency bands above 5 Hz.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.399-407
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• 2010

The horizontal response spectra using the observed ground motions from the recent more than 19 macro earthquakes were analysed and then were compared to both the seismic design response spectra (Reg Guide 1.60), applied to the domestic nuclear power plants, and the Korean Standard Design Response Spectrum for general structures and buildings (1997). 130 horizontal ground motions, without considering soil types, were used for normalization with respect to the peak acceleration value of each ground motion. The results showed that response spectrum have strong dependency on epicentral distance. The results also showed that the horizontal response spectra revealed much higher values for frequency bands above 5 Hz than Reg. Guide (1.60). The results were also compared to the Korean Standard Response Spectrum for the 3 different soil types and showed that the vertical response spectra revealed much higher values for the frequency bands below 0.3 second than the Korean Standard Response Spectrum (SD soil condition). These spectral values dependent on frequency could be related to characteristics of the domestic crustal attenuation and the effect of each site amplification. However, through the qualitative improvements and quantitative enhancement of the observed ground motions, the conservation of horizontal seismic design response spectrum should be considered more significantly for the frequency bands above 5 Hz.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2015

Recently, Korean government has tried out to set up earthquake hazards prevention system. In the system, several geotechnical hazard maps including liquefaction hazard map and landslide hazard map for the whole country have drawn to consider the domestic seismic characteristics. To draw the macro liquefaction hazard map, big data of site investigations in metropolitan areas and provincial areas has to be verified for its application. In this research, we carried out site response analyses using 522 borehole site investigation data in S city during a desirable earthquake. The soil classification was separately compared to shear wave velocity considering the uncertainty of site investigation data. Probability distribution and statistical analysis for the results of site response analyses was applied to the feasibility study. Finally, we suggest a new site amplification coefficient, hereby presented with the similar results of liquefaction hazard mapping using the calculated liquefaction potential index by the site response analyses. Above-mentioned study will be expected to help to follow research and draw liquefaction hazard map in moderate seismic region.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2006

In the companion paper (I-Problem Statements of the Current Seismic Design Code), the current Korean seismic design code is required to be modified considering site characteristics in Korea for the reliable estimation of site amplification. In this paper, three site classification methods based on the mean shear wave velocity of the top 30m $V_{S30}$, fundamental site periods $(T_G)$ and bedrock depth were investigated and compared with each other to determine the best classification system. Not enough of a difference in the standard deviation of site coefficients $(F_a\;and\;F_v)$ to determine the best system, and neither is the difference between the average spectral accelerations and the design response spectrum of each system. However, the amplification range of RRS values based on $T_G$ were definitely concentrated on a narrow band than other classification system. It means that sites which have a similar behavior during earthquake will be classified as the same site category at the site classification system based on $T_G$. The regression curves between site coefficients and $T_G$ described the effect of soil non linearity well as the rock shaking intensity increases than the current method based on $V_{S30}$. Furthermore, it is unambiguous to determine sue category based on $T_G$ when the site investigation is performed to shallower depth less than 30m, whereas the current $V_{S30}$ is usually calculated fallaciously by extrapolating the $V_s$ of bedrock to 30m. From the results of this study, new site classification system based on $T_G$ was recommended for legions of shallow bedrock depth in Korea.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제30권1C호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2010

Recent earthquake events revealed that severe seismic damages were concentrated mostly at sites composed of soil sediments rather than firm rock. This indicates that the site effects inducing the amplification of earthquake ground motion are associated mainly with the spatial distribution and dynamic properties of the soils overlying bedrock. In this study, an integrated GIS-based information system for geotechnical data was constructed to establish a regional counterplan against ground motions at a representative metropolitan area, Seoul, in Korea. To implement the GIS-based geotechnical information system for the Seoul area, existing geotechnical investigation data were collected in and around the study area and additionally a walkover site survey was carried out to acquire surface geo-knowledge data. For practical application of the geotechnical information system used to estimate the site effects at the area of interest, seismic zoning maps of geotechnical earthquake engineering parameters, such as the depth to bedrock and the site period, were created and presented as regional synthetic strategy for earthquake-induced hazards prediction. In addition, seismic zonation of site classification was also performed to determine the site amplification coefficients for seismic design at any site and administrative sub-unit in the Seoul area. Based on the case study on seismic zonations for Seoul, it was verified that the GIS-based geotechnical information system was very useful for the regional prediction of seismic hazards and also the decision support for seismic hazard mitigation particularly at the metropolitan area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1994

Liquefaction characteristics of the reclaimed marine sand deposits is studied by means of the dynamic response analysis and the cyclic triaxial compression test. 1) From the result of the dynamic response analysis. it was found that the amplification of ground surface maximum acceleration varied with input earthquake motions and soil data, and earthquake coefficients were proposed to be applicable in evaluating liquefaction potential by simplified prediction methods. 2) For upper and soft sand deposits with small N-value, liquefaction strengths estimated by Seed and Idriss's simplified method were lower than those by the cyclic triaxial test while those by Iwasaki & Tatsuoka's or Vs-method were not lower. 3) Simplified methods were inclined to overestimate liquefaction potential in comparison with the dynamic response analysis and the cyclic triaxial compression test Allowable depths of liquefaction(safety factor 1) were estimated to be 7-14m for 0.1 -0.2g of input maximum acceleration.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2011

In the nonlinear response history analysis of building structures, the input ground accelerations have considerable effect on the nonlinear response characteristics of structural systems. As the properties of the ground motion, using time history analysis, are interrelated with many factors such as the fault mechanism, the seismic wave propagation from source to site, and the amplification characteristics of the soil, it is difficult to properly select the input ground motions for seismic response analysis. In this paper, the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions were selected as input motions. The artificial earthquake waves were generated according to these earthquake events. The artificial waves have identical phase angles to the recorded earthquake waves, and their overall response spectra are compatible with the seismic design spectrum with 5% of critical viscous damping. It is concluded that the artificial earthquake waves simulated in this paper are applicable as input ground motions for a seismic response analysis of building structures.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.729-735
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• 2012

The PCR-RFLP method has been useful for detection of known genes and identification of novel genes. In the present study, degenerate primers were designed from five groups of cry1 genes for PCR-RFLP analysis. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates from different regions were evaluated for PCR amplification of various cry1 genes using newly designed primers and cry2 genes using reported primers. PCR analysis showed an abundance of cry1A genes and especially cry1Ac genes in isolates from all regions. RFLP analysis revealed the presence of multiple cry1A genes in isolates from central and southern regions. Unique digestion patterns of cry1A genes were observed in isolates from each region. Few of the isolates represented a digestion pattern of cry1A genes that did match to any of the known cry1A genes. RFLP analysis suggested an abundance of cry2Ab along with a novel cry2 gene in Bt isolates from different regions of India. Sequence analysis of the novel cry2 gene revealed 95% sequence identity to cry2Ab and cry2Ah genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the novel cry2 gene could have diverged earlier than the other cry2 genes. Our results encourage finding of more diverse cry2 genes in Bt isolates. Rarefaction analysis was used to compare cry1A gene diversity in isolates from different soil types. It showed a higher degree of cry1A gene diversity in isolates from central region. In the present study, we propose the use of novel degenerate primers for cry1 genes and the PCR-RFLP method using a single enzyme to distinguish multiple cry1A and cry2 genes as well as identify novel genes.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• 제9권2호통권42호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2005

Dynamic response analysis in time dimain is conducted for floating bridges with discrete pontoons subject to spatial variation of ground motions. The Spatial variation of ground motions is considered with the coherency function model which represents wave passage, incoherence and local site effects. The superstructure of the bridge is represented by space frame and elastic catenary cable elements, the abutment us modelde with the spring element of FHWA guideline for considering soil structure interaction and the concept of retardation function is utilized to consider the frequency dependency of the hydrodynamic coefficients which are obtainde by boundary element method. multiple support excitations considering the spatial variation. The noticeable amplification of the response can be shown when the spatial variation of ground motions is incorporated in the anallysis of floating bridges.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2012

Pseudo static analysis using the Mononobe-Okabe method and numerical analysis considering a small strain nonlinearity from the soil were performed to determine the bearing pressure changes of the inverted T-type retaining wall subjected to earthquake motions. In many cases, an inverted 'T' type retaining wall of more than 10 m shows bearing capacity failure under earthquake conditions, despite showing sufficient bearing capacity during normal conditions. The most important reason for this is the change of the effective base area during an earthquake. In this paper, the change of the effective base area of an inverted 'T' type wall is analyzed by using finite difference element code (FLAC). In addition, the effect of dynamic bearing capacity coefficients (which has been suggested by several researchers but not adopted in current design codes and procedures) was verified.