• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.602-615
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• 1996

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the microstructural effect on the R-curve behavior in three aluminas with different grain size distributions by analyzing the bridging stress distribution. The crack opening displacement (COD) according to the distance behind the stationary crack tip was measured using an in situ SEM fracture method. The measured COD values in the fine-grained alumina agreed well with Wiederhorn's sollution while they deviated from Wiederhorn's solution in the two coarse-grained aluminas because of the increase of the crack closure due to the grain interface bridging in the crack wake. A numerical fitting procedure was conducted by the introduction of the power-law relation and the current theoretical model together with the measured COD's in order to obtain the bridging stress distribution. The results indicated that the bridging stress function and the R-curve computed by the current model were consistent with those computed by the power-law relation providing a reliable evidence for the bridging stress analysis of the current model. The strain-softening exponent in the power-law relation n, was calculated to be in the range from 2 to 3 and was closely related to the grain size distribution. Thus it was concluded from the current theoretical model that the grain size distribution affected greatly the bridging stress distribution thereby resulting in the quantitative analysis of microfracture of polycrystalline aluminas through correlating the local-fracture-cont-rolling microstructure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2018

The prestress force effect on the fundamental frequency and deflection shape of Prestressed Concrete I (PCI) beams was studied in this paper. Currently, due to the conflicts among existing theories, the analytical solution for properly considering the structural behavior of these prestressed members is not clear. A series of experiments were conducted on a large-scale PCI beam of high strength concrete with an eccentric straight unbonded tendon. Specifically, the simply supported PCI beam was subjected to free vibration and three-point bending tests with different prestress forces. Subsequently, the experimental data were compared with analytical results based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. It was proved that the fundamental frequency of PCI beams is unaffected by the increasing applied prestress force, if the variation of the initial elastic modulus of concrete with time is considered. Vice versa, the relationship between the deflection shape and prestress force is well described by the magnification factor formula of the compression-softening theory assuming the secant elastic modulus.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.979-990
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• 1990

The possible use of bioglass as implant materials is due to its biocompatibility to human body. Even if many animal studies for the bioglasses have been performed, their structures and physical properties are not fully understood. In the present work, several investigations such as Raman spectroscopic analysis, density, thermal expansion coefficient, softening temperature, and refractive index measurement were carried out to find the structures and physical properties of bioglasses, where MgO is substituted for CaO in bioglass composition (46.1%SiO2, 24.4%Na2O, 26.9%CaO, 2.6%P2O5 ; mole%). Hydroxyapatite formation on the glass surface reacted in Tris-buffer solution was also examined. When CaO was replaced by MgO, nonbridging oxygen in glass structuer was diminished but the degree of disorder increased. Thermal expansion and softening properties showed the mixed oxide effect. Hydroxyapatite were formed on the surface of 0~11mole% of MgO containing bioglasses, and the thickness of SiO2-rich layer as well as hydroxyapatite layer were unchanged with MgO content. However, the hydroxyapatite was not formed on the surface of the bioglasses containing over 11 mole percent MgO, even if the glasses were reacted for long period.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.691-704
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• 2014

Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are commonly used for building structures to resist seismic loading. While the RC shear walls can have a high load-carrying capacity, they tend to fail in a brittle mode under shear, accompanied by forming large diagonal cracks and bond splitting between concrete and steel reinforcement. Improving seismic performance of shear walls has remained a challenge for researchers all over the world. Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), featuring incredible ductility under tension, can be a promising material to replace concrete in shear walls with improved performance. Currently, the application of ECC to large structures is limited due to the lack of the proper constitutive models especially under shear. In this paper, a new Cyclic Softening Membrane Model for reinforced ECC is proposed. The model was built upon the Cyclic Softening Membrane Model for reinforced concrete by (Hsu and Mo 2010). The model was then implemented in the OpenSees program to perform analysis on several cases of shear walls under seismic loading. The seismic response of reinforced ECC compared with RC shear walls under monotonic and cyclic loading, their difference in pinching effect and energy dissipation capacity were studied. The modeling results revealed that reinforced ECC shear walls can have superior seismic performance to traditional RC shear walls.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 섬유혼입률이 초고강도 강섬유보강 콘크리트의 인장연화거동 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 노치 낸 보에 대한 3점 재하 휨실험을 통해 초고강도 강섬유보강 콘크리트의 휨인장 거동을 구하고, Uchida 등이 제안한 역해석법을 사용하여 휨 실험 결과로부터 인장연화곡선을 도출하였다. 노치 낸 보의 휨 실험 결과에서 초기강성은 섬유혼입률에 관계없이 일정한 값을 나타내고, 강섬유의 혼입률이 증가할수록 초고강도 강섬유보강 콘크리트의 휨인장강도는 증가하며 연화거동은 일정 균열폭에서 점근적으로 수렴하는 경향을 나타내었다. 역해석을 통해 구한 인장연화곡선으로부터 섬유혼입률과 임계균열폭, $\omega_0$의 함수로 인장연화모델을 제안하였으며, 인장연화모델은 균열이 진행됨에 따라 일정한 인장응력 값을 가지는 소성구간과 지수함수로 주어지는 연화구간으로 나누어 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 인장연화모델을 적용하여 점성균열모델을 이용한 유한요소해석을 수행한 결과, 해석 결과와 실험 결과와 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.141-148
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• 1998

An analytical model which can simulate the post-cracking behavior of reinforced concrete structures subjected to in-plane shear and normal stresses is presented. Based on the force equilibriums, compatibility conditions, and bond stress-slip relationship between steel and concrete, a criterion to simulate consider the tension-stiffening effect is proposed. The material behavior of concrete is described by an orthotropic constitutive model, and focused on the tension-compression region with tension-stiffening and compression softening effects defining equivalent uniaxial relations in the axes of orthotropy. Correlation studies between analytical results and available experimental data are conducted with the objective to establish the validity of the proposed model.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.359-370
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• 1995

Kimchi is a traditional fermented vegetable in Korea. It has unique taste and flavor due to the variability of raw vegetable, subingredient and their ratio of combination. Fermentation method have very critical effect on these charicteristics. Overall taste of Kimchi is also influenced by texture. In this paper, the changes in texture of Kimchis were reviewed related to pectic substance, enzymatic activities and other chemical changes during the fermentation of Kimchi. Moreover, treatments to prevent softening of Kimchi texture such as preheating, CaCl$_2$ addition, their combination effect and chitosan addition were summarized from the literatures.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.845-850
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• 1989

본 연구는 오이지를 발효시킬 때 열처리 효과를 조사하기 위하여 오이를 높은 온도의 소금물에 담금과 생오이를 microwave로 가열처리한 뒤 $25^{\circ}C$에서 10일간 10% 소금용액에 넣어 발효시켰을 때 pH, 총산도, 텍스쳐 및 관능적 성질에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. 초기 절임온도를 $60-90^{\circ}C$로 하였을 때 pH의 감소경향은 60-70-표준시료 $-80-90^{\circ}C$순으로 감소속도가 점점 낮아져 $80-90^{\circ}C$에서의 담금이 오이지의 숙성을 현저히 지연시켰으며 산의 생성은 $70^{\circ}C$가 가장 많고 $90^{\circ}C$가 가장 적게 나타났고. 오이의 견고성은 발효 4일째부터 $80-90^{\circ}C$ 처리구가 높았다. 생오이에 microwave 열처리함은 오이지 담금액의 pH 변화가 발효 2일부터 표준시료보다 빠르게 밀어져 모든 microwave 처리구가 비교 적 낮은 pH값을 보였으며 산생성도 2일 후부터 급격히 증가하여 무처리구보다 많은 양의 산이 생성되어 발효가 촉진되었다. 한편 텍스쳐 변화는 4일 이후 2-3분 처리구가 높게 나타나 생오이의 microwave 열처리는 발효를 촉진시켰으나 텍스쳐에 유익한 것으로 나타났다. 관능적 성질의 평가는 7일 경과한 오이지를 비교하였을 때 열수에 담금과 micorwave에 의한 열처리는 맛이나 냄새에 큰 영향이 없이 사각사각한 성질이 높게 나타나 오이지 텍스쳐의 연화현상을 감소시키는데 유익함을 알 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 triethanolamine-ester quaternary ammonium salt의 ASCO EQ85 양이온 계면활성제 시스템의 기본 물성을 측정하였으며, 제타 전위 측정 및 quartz crystal microbalance 실험을 통한 계면활성제 흡착량 측정으로부터 pH 조건에 따른섬유 유연력에 관하여 살펴보았다. ASCO EQ85 계면활성제의 CMC는 약 $3{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$이며, CMC에서의 표면장력은 약 40 mN/m이었다. $25^{\circ}C$에서 1 wt% 계면활성제 수용액과 n-dodecane 사이의 계면장력을 spinning drop tensiometer를 사용하여 pH에 따라 측정한 결과, pH 증가에 따라 계면장력은 약간 증가하였으나 평형에 도달하는 시간은 pH에 관계없이 거의 일정하였다. 계면활성제 흡착량은 농도에 비례하여 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 수용액의 pH 조건에 따라 계면활성제 흡착량이 변화하였다. 계면활성제 수용액의 pH에 따라 유연력을 측정한 결과, pH 증가에 따라 양이온 계면활성제로 세정한 섬유의 마찰계수가 증가하였으며, 양이온 계면활성제 수용액의 pH가 산성 조건일 때 섬유의 유연 효과가 크다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 계면활성제 수용액의 거품 안정성을 측정한 결과, 수용액의 pH가 증가함에 따라 거품의 부피가 반으로 줄어드는데 걸리는 시간이 증가하고 거품 안정성이 증가하였다.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.261-264
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• 2005

띠 Jahn-Teller 효과를 기반으로 $Th_{3}P_4$형 구조 화합물인 $La_{3}S_4$와 $Ce_{3}S_4$의 탄성상수 $C'=(C_{11}-C_{12})/2$의 차이점을 연구하였다. 같은 구조를 갖는 두 화합물간의 유일한 차이점은 $Ce_{3}S_4$에는 자기적인 성질을 가진 f 전자가 존재한다는 것이다. 입방 결정장에 의해 둘로 갈라져 있는 $Ce^{3+}$ 이온의 f 전자 에너지 상태가 띠 Jahn-Teller 효과에 의한 탄성유화 현상에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, f 전자가 탄성유화를 억제하는 것을 보였다. 또한, 탄성상수의 계산을 통하여 얻어진 $Ce^{3+}$ 이온의 에너지 갈라짐 값이 자기 감수율의 측정에 의해 얻어진 실험치에 근접함을 확인하였다.