• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.232-244
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• 2023

We investigated the effects of different phosphate replacements on the quality of ground pork products cured with sodium nitrite or radish powder to determine their potential for achieving clean-label pork products. The experimental design was a 2×5 factorial design. For this purpose, the ground meat mixture was assigned into two groups, depending on nitrite source. Each group was mixed with 0.01% sodium nitrite or 0.4% radish powder together with 0.04% starter culture, and then processed depending on phosphate replacement [with or without 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate; STPP (+), STPP (-), 0.5% oyster shell calcium (OSC), 0.5% citrus fiber (CF), or 0.5% dried plum powder (DPP)]. All samples were cooked, cooled, and stored until analysis within two days. The nitrite source had no effect on all dependent variables of ground pork products. However, in phosphate replacement treatments, the STPP (+) and OSC treatments had a higher cooking yield than the STPP (-), CF, or DPP treatments. OSC treatment was more effective for lowering total fluid separation compared to STPP (-), CF, or DPP treatments, but had a higher percentage than STPP (+). The STPP (+) treatment did not differ from the OSC or CF treatments for CIE L^* and CIE a^*. Moreover, no differences were observed in nitrosyl hemochrome content, lipid oxidation, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness between the OSC and STPP (+) treatments. In conclusion, among the phosphate replacements, OSC addition was the most suitable to provide clean-label pork products cured with radish powder as a synthetic nitrite replacer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.218-234
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• 2022

Urbanization is usually followed by changes in eating habits, with a specific trend toward the consumption of ready-to-eat products, such as processed foods. Among the latter, meat products are known contributors to high dietary sodium owing to salt addition. Salt plays an essential role in maintaining the quality of meat products in terms of acceptability and safety. However, an excessive salt intake is linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, several studies have been competing for the discovery of salt alternatives performing in a similar way as common salt. A number of replacements have been proposed to reduce salt consumption in meat products while taking into account consumer preferences. Unfortunately, these have resulted in poorer product quality, followed by new adverse effects on health. This review addresses these recent issues by illustrating some established approaches and providing insight into further challenges in developing low-salt meat products.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.831-843
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• 2020

This study investigated the potential for using vegetable powders as a natural replacement for sodium nitrite and their effects on the physicochemical characteristics of alternatively cured pork products. We analyzed pork products subjected to four treatments: control (0.015% sodium nitrite), Chinese cabbabe powder (CCP) treatment (0.4% Chinese cabbage powder), radish powder (RP) treatment (0.4% radish powder), and spinach powder (SP) treatment (0.4% spinach powder). Among the vegetable powders prepared in this study, SP had the highest (p<0.05) nitrate content, while CCP had the lowest (p<0.05). The cooking yields from these treatments were not significantly different from each other. However, the products with vegetable powders had higher (p<0.05) pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values than the control. Pork products with vegetable powders also showed lower CIE L^⁎ values and higher CIE b^⁎ values than the nitrite-added control. RP treatment had similar (p>0.05) CIE a^⁎ values to the control, while SP treatment had the lowest (p<0.05) CIE a^⁎ values. The residual nitrite content was lower (p<0.05) in the vegetable powder added pork products than in the control, although nitrosyl hemochrome and total pigment contents in the CCP and RP treatments were similar (p>0.05) to those in the control. The control, CCP, and RP treatments showed curing efficiencies greater than 80%, indicating that CCP and RP would be promising potential replacements for sodium nitrite. The results of this study suggest that RP may be a suitable natural replacement for sodium nitrite to produce alternatively cured meat products, compared to other leafy vegetable powders.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 가정간편식으로 판매되고 있는 편의점도시락 50건과 볶음밥, 스파게티, 떡볶이 등의 즉석조리식품 50건에서 영양성분의 함량을 분석하고 제품의 표시사항과 비교하였다. 그 후 분석 결과를 바탕으로 1일 영양성분 기준치, 한국인 영양소 섭취 기준등과 비교하여 평가하였다. 식단별 영양성분의 함량은 열량, 탄수화물, 나트륨의 경우 볶음밥에서 높았으며 볶음밥의 나트륨 함량은 1,978 mg이었다. 지방, 단백질, 칼륨은 편의점도시락의 정식류에서 높게 나왔으며 당류는 떡볶이가 다른 식단에 비해 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 편의점 도시락의 경우 정식류가 일품음식류에 비해 열량, 단백질, 지방, 당류, 칼륨의 함량이 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 가정간편식 각 제품의 영양표시 대비 분석 함량을 비교한 결과 31%의 제품이 표시기준을 초과하거나 기준 미만이었다. 가정간편식의 영양평가 결과 모든 식단형태에서 나트륨의 %DV가 50% 이상, 볶음밥의 경우 최고 98.9%를 나타내었다. 전체 가정간편식의 나트륨 INQ가 1보다 높았으며 특히 떡볶이에서는 최고 2.6으로 열량 대비 권장량 이상 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 당류는 전체 가정간편식에서 1 미만으로 나타났다. 에너지적정비율(%)은 탄수화물의 경유 볶음밥(68%), 면류(56%), 떡볶이(100%)에서 상당부분 권장범위 이상에 해당하였다. 단백질의 경우 일품음식류에서 93%가 권장범위 미만이었으며 지방의 경우 떡볶이에서 전부 권장범위 미만이었다. 당류의 경우 대부분 권장범위내에 해당하였으나 면류의 경우 44%가 총 에너지의 10% 이상이었다. 나트륨 칼륨비는 WHO에서 권장한 1을 기준으로 하였을 때 전체 가정간편식에서 1을 초과하였으며 일품음식류, 떡볶이, 볶음밥에서 10 이상으로 나타났다. 연구결과 가정간편식은 열량대비 나트륨이 권장량 이상 함유되어 있으며 식단 형태별로 일부 영양성분에 있어 부족하거나 치중되어 있었다. 이에 영양을 충족시킬 수 있는 식사로 가정간편식을 이용할 수 있도록 소비자와 제조업체 모두의 노력이 필요할 것이다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2004

In order to improve the performance of concrete, generally, modern cements often incorporate several mineral admixtures. In this study, the experimental included the flow value, air content of mortar containing limestone powder and length change and compressive strength of mortar specimen immersed in sulfate solutions. From the experimental results, the limestone powder cement matrices improved the physical properties and sulfate resistance of cement matrices at $10\%$ replacement ratio of limestone powder. The $30\%$ replacement ratio of limestone powder was significantly deteriorated in sodium sulfate solution. Irrespective of fineness levels of limestone powder, length change and SDF of mortar specimens with only $10\%$ replacement was much superior to the other replacements.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2002

Nowadays, antiwashout underwater concrete is widely used for constructing underwater concrete structures but they, especially placed in marine environment, can be easily attacked by chemical ions such as SO$\^$2-/$\_$4/ Cl$\^$-/ and Mg$\^$2＋/, so the quality and capability of concrete structures go down. In this paper, to solve and improve those matters, flyash and GGBFS(ground granulated blast furnace slag) were used as partial replacements for ordinary portland cement. As results of experiments for fundamental properties of antiwashout underwater concrete containing 10, 20, 30％ of flyash and 40, 50, 60 ％ of GGBFS respectively, setting time, air contents, suspended solids and pH value were satisfied with the "Standard Specification of Antiwashout Admixtures for Concrete" prescribed by KSCE, and also slump flow, efflux time and elevation of head were more improved than that of control concrete. From the compressive strength test, it was revealed that the antiwashout underwater concrete containing mineral admixtures(flyash and GGBFS) is more effective for long term compressive strength than control concrete. An attempt to know how durable when they are under chemical attack has also been done by immersing in chemical solutions that were x2 artificial seawater, 5 ％ sulphuric acid solution, 10％, sodium sulfate solution and 10％ calcium chloride solution. After immersion test for 91days, XRD analysis was carried out to investigate the reactants between cement hydrates and chemical ions and some crystalline such as gypsum ettringite and Fridel′s salt were confirmed.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.500-506
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of NaCl replacers (KCl, $CaSO_4$, and $MgSO_4$) on the quality and sensorial properties of pork patty. In the characteristics of spray-dried salt particles, KCl showed the largest particle size with low viscosity in solution. Meanwhile $CaSO_4$ treatment resulted in the smallest particle size and the highest viscosity (p<0.05). In comparison of the qualities of pork patties manufactured by varying level of Na replacers, $MgSO_4$ treatment exhibited low cooking loss comparing to control (p<0.05). Textural properties of KCl and $MgSO_4$ treatments showed similar pattern, i.e., low level of the replacers caused harder and less adhesive texture than those of control (p<0.05), whereas the hardness of these products was not different with control when the replacers were added more than 1.0%. The addition of $CaSO_4$ also manifested harder and less adhesive than control (p<0.05), but the textural properties of $CaSO_4$ treatment was not affected by level of Ca-salt. Eventually, sensorial properties indicated that KCl and $CaSO_4$ influenced negative effects on pork patties. In contrast, $MgSO_4$ showed better sensorial properties in juiciness intensity, tenderness intensity as well as overall acceptability than control, reflecting that $MgSO_4$ was an effective Na-replacer in meat product formulation.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1032-1038
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develope carbohydrate-based fat replacement for use in the preparation of non-(trans) fatty acid and low-caloric bread. Characteristics such as leavening height of batter, pH, titratable acidity, specific volume, sensory evaluation, shelf life and texture change of bread made using 11 types of carbohydrate-based fat replacements were measured. The 11 carbohydrate-based fat replacers (No. $1{\sim}11$) were prepared using maltodextrin as a base, and different ratios of calcium sulfate, ascorbic acid, sodium stearoyl lactylate and methyl cellulose. The pH was lowered and the total titratable acidity was increased after four hours of fermentation in the control and the samples of dough that contained the fat replacement. In addition, the leavening height of the control was 5.0cm (maximum) after two hours of fermentation and 4.6 cm after four hours of fermentation, which was similar to the heights observed when No.$9{\sim}11$ were evaluated. When the specific volume of the bread was evaluated, the 3% of fat replacement No. 10 produced the best results. When taste was evaluated, there was no significant difference between the control and the bread produced using 1% No. 10, however, there was a significant difference between the control and all samples that contained 2% or more of the fat replacement. Furthermore, the addition of a greater concentration of the fat replacer resulted in a greater moisture. However, there were no significant differences in the color of the control and any of the samples. Additionally, measurement of the firmness of the bread during four days of storage at $25^{\circ}C$ revealed that it decreased as the concentration of fat replacer increased. In addition, the sample that contained 3% of sample No. 10 showed a firmness of 18kgf after three days of storage, while the control showed a firmness of 18kg after two days, which indicates that the degradation of the bread that contained the fat replacer was delayed by one day. The bread made using fat replacers was found to have a better taste, flavor, color, texture and firmness than the control, and the best results were observed in response to the addition of 3% of replacement No. 10. The results of this study will be useful in the production of non-(trans) fatty acid, low caloric bread.