• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.386-395
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate sodium reduction practices in school foodservice in Daegu. Methods: The survey included 199 nutrition teachers and dietitians working at elementary, middle and high schools in Daegu. The survey topics included the following: the frequency of salinity measurement, workers in charge of the measurement, average salinity of the soup and stew served, frequency and difficulties of offering low-sodium meals, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) of sodium reduction methods in school foodservice and the need for political support in encouraging sodium reduction. Results: The mean salinity of the soup and stew was higher in high school foodservice than in elementary and middle school foodservice. Middle and high schools have difficulties in offering low-sodium meals due to concerns of decreasing satisfaction for the meals. The results of the IPA of programs to reduce sodium in school meals showed that most of the items in the cooking and serving stages were in the 2nd quadrant (Keep up the good work), and all purchasing and menu planning stages occupied the 3rd quadrant (Low priority). To reduce sodium in school meals, government support is required in developing low-sodium recipes for school foodservice, encouraging education on sodium reduction for school foodservice officials and developing low-sodium food for institutional foodservice. Conclusions: To encourage sodium reduction in school meals, the priority is to make low-sodium recipes available. Also, it is necessary to develop a program that calculates the sodium content in menus and processed foods through National Education Information System and to establish standards for sodium levels in school foodservice.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.330-335
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• 1991

용질의 몰분율이 증가함에 따라 수분활성도의 저하효과가 큰 sorbitol, sodium lactate 및 sodium chloride를 보습제로 사용하여 water-sorbitol system에 미치는 sodium lactate 및 sodium chloride의 효과를 조사하였다. 수분과 sorbitol의 혼합무게비가 1 : 0.5322 및 1 : 0.7619인 water-sorbitol systems에서 첨가된 용질들과 sobitol 수용액내의 sobitol간에 상호작용이 일어났으며 이 상호작용된 양은 혼합무게비가 1 : 0.7619 경우보다 1 : 0.5322일 때 더 컸으며, 이때 첨가물로써 NaCl을 사용했을 때보다 sodium lactate를 사용했을 때 더 크게 나타났다. 이런 상호작용된 용질의 양의 변화는 0.87Aw 부근에서 가장 많았으며, 이 이하에서는 증가하는 경향을, 이 이상에서는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 중간수분식품의 수분활성도 범위인 0.70부터 0.90 사이에서 sodium lactate 및 NaCl를 각각 농도별로 첨가했을 때 이들 용질과 상호작용된 수분의 양이 가장 많게 나온 sorbitol 수용액은 수분과 sorbitol의 혼합무게비가 1 : 1.1241인 경우이었다. 또한 이때 첨가물로써 NaCl을 사용했을 때보다 sodium lactate를 사용했을 때 상호작용된 수분의 양은 더 많게 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.544-548
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• 1997

인산염의 첨가가 조기 및 갈치연육의 보수력 및 단백질의 용출성에 미치는 영향과 가열처리 후에 조기육을 원료로 가공한 어묵의 texture에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 인산염을 첨가하지 않은 대조구와 4종의 시판 복합 인산염을 첨가수준별로 사용했을 때의 기능적 성질을 분석 검토하였다. 연육의 보수력 및 염용성 단백질량은 조기연육에는 인산염 B(sodium pol-phosphate 50%, sodium pyro-phosphate 20%, sodium tetra meta-phosphate 20%, sodium acid pyro-phosphate 5%, sodium ultra meta-phosphate 5%)를, 갈치연육에는 인산염 C(sodium poly-phosphate 40%, sodium pyro-phosphate 30%, potassium pyro-phosphate 15%, sodium tetra meta-phosphate 10%, hexa meta-phosphate 5%)를 각각 0.4% 첨가한 경우가 가장 효과적이었고 그 때의 염용성 단백질의 용출량은 조기연육이 954mg%, 갈치연육이 686mg%였다. 조기육을 원료로 하여 가공한 어묵의 적정 가열조건은 85$^{\circ}C$에서 45분간 가열한 것이 조직감이 양호하였다. 한편 121$^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 가열한 경우는 C 인산염이 다른 인산염에 비하여 어육 단백질의 열안 정성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2015

This study was performed for the purpose of establishing proper dietary behaviors and improving sodium intake status by investigating nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, and food intake frequency related to sodium in 398 university students living in Gyeonggi-do and Incheon. Female students showed a higher rate of eating out more than five times a week as well as daily snack intake than male students. Female students showed a higher score for sodium-related nutrition knowledge than male students, whereas male students showed higher sodium intake than female students. Subjects who showed a higher frequency of eating out and snack intake also showed a higher salt intake ratio and sodium-related nutrition knowledge. Subjects with higher scores related to sodium-related nutrition knowledge showed a higher low salt intake ratio and incidence of low sodium food intake. From this research, depending on the level of nutrition knowledge related to sodium university students showed differences in dietary behavior related to sodium intake. This result would be helpful to develop lower sodium training materials specific to low sodium food selection tips, reading nutrition labels, and so on.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.269-275
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• 1988

연제품의 보존제로서 lysozyme의 효과를 검토하기 위하여, 부패된 연제품에서 7종의 대표 균주를 분리 선정하여 lysozyme에 의한 발육조지 효과와 hexametaphosphate와 pyrophosphate을 병용 첨가하였을 때의 발육조지 효과를 측정하고 각 균에 대한 항균제의 발육조지 농도를 측정한 후 가장 효과적인 농도를 게맛살, 어묵과 튀김어묵에 첨가 또는 침지하여 $30^{\circ}C$에 7일간 저장하면서 생균수, pH 및 VBN을 검사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 분리 세균 7종 중 6종의 균은 lysozyme에 의하열 발육이 억제되었으며, sodium hexametaphosphate와 sodium pyrophosphate를 병용 첨가하였을 때 그 발육조지 효과가 상승하였다. 발육조지 효과는 lysozyme + sodium hexametaphosphate + sodium pyrophosphate, lysozyme + sodium pyrophosphate, lysozyme + sodium hexametaphosphate, lysozyme의 순으로 높았으며 저항력이 제일 강하였던 1균주도 lysozyme$(0.05\%)$ + sodium pyrophosphate$(0.5\%)$ + sodium hexametaphosphate$(0.1\%)$를 첨가하였을 때 발육조지 효과가 비교적 좋았다.2. 게맛갈과 어묵은 lysozyme$(0.05\%)$ 단독 첨가보다 sodium pyrophosphate$(0.5)\%$와 sodium hexametaphosphate$(0.1\%)$를 병용 첨가하였을 때 세균발육 억제효과가 상승하였으나 직접 균의 배양 시험에서 보다 효과가 적었다. 튀김어묵을 lysozyme$(0.05\%)$ 단독 그리고, lysozyme$(0.05\%)$ + sodium pyrophosphate $(0.5\%)$ + sodium hexametaphosphate$(0.1\%)$ 용액에 5분간 침지 처리하였을 때 약간의 방부효과는 인정되었으나 sorbic acid$(0.2\%)$을 첨가한 것보다 효과가 적었다.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2001

Agricultural drainage salt generated during irrigation of crops in San Joaquin Valley, California exceeds 600,000 tons annually and cumulates in the field in a rapid rate. As a result, the waste is taking out more farmlands for salt storage and disposal, imposing serious concerns to environment and local agricultural industry. in searching for a potential solution to reduce or eliminate the waste, this research explored feasibility of producing a value-added product, sodium sulfate, from the waste and utilizing the product in textile dyeing. The result indicated that sodium sulfate could be produced the salt and could be purified by a recrystalization method in a temperature range within the highest and lowest daily temperatures in summer in the valley. Re recovered sodium sulfate samples, with purifies ranging from 67% to 99.91, were compard with commercially available sodium sulfate in directive dyeing of cotton fabrics. Direct Yellow 27 and direct Blue 1 had similar exhaustions among Na₂So₄Ⅰ, Na₂So₄Ⅱ, Na₂So₄Ⅲ and V which had similar ratios of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride in recovered salts. Na₂So₄Ⅳ had high exhaustion despite low ratios of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. In direct Red 80, exhaustion depends more on the ratios of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride than sodium chloride. Na₂SO₄Ⅳ and Na₂SO₄V with high ratios of sodium chloride had more exhaustion than Na₂So₄and Na₂So₄Ⅲ with low ratios of sodium chloride. Generally, directive dyeing using recovered salts from farm drainage has similar or more excellent exhaustion than directive dyeing using commercial sodium sulfate.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.215-226
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p<0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1974

This study was carried out to investigate the acute changes in R-A-A system following lasix administration, and to evaluate the materials in plasma R-A-A system and electrolytic excretion every 30 minutes for 2 hours after lasix administration with normal high sodium Korean food, moderate sodium restriction, and severe sodium restriction, and it was concluded as followed; 1. Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II concentration, and aldosterone concentration elevated in course of time after lasix administration with high sodium Korean food, but the R-A-A system takes insignificant part because of the increasing rate was so slight. 2. Although the increasing rate of plasma renin activity reached lower levels, angiotensin II and aldosterone concentration were significantly increased after lasix administration with moderate sodium restriction. 3. It was observed that higher rise in aldosterone concentration following lasix administration during severe sodium restriction than when moderate sodium restriction. 4. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion during two hours after lasix administration showed decrease as little as the amount of sodium intake, but K/Na excretion ratio showed increase with small amount of sodium intake because of the decreasing rate of potassium was low value. 5. Sodium excretion after lasix administration reached more than 1.5 times of sodium intake, even though R-A-A reaction showed significantly. 6. As our results showed, R-A-A reaction following acute diuresis was insignificant with high sodium Intake, the increasing ratio of aldosterone concentration showed high rise compare with of plasma renin activity as little as the amount of sodium intake, and the participated rate in sodium reabsorption of R-A-A system was increased.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-111
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• 1991

It is the aim of this study to investigate the effects of sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadate upon the proliferation and activity of the osteoblast (MC3T3-E1 cells). MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in $\alpha-MEM$ containing $10\%$ FBS and various concentration of sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadate was appended to serum free media. DNA synthesis was examined through the $[^3H]$ thymidine incorporation into DNA. Collagen synthesis was examined through the $[^3H]$ proline incorporation into collagenase digestible protein and noncollagen protein. The following results were drawn; 1. Sodium fluoride stimulated the DNA synthesis of osteoblast significantly in dose-dependent manner within the concentration from $2{\mu}M$ to $10{\mu}M$ (P < 0.005). 2. Sodium orthovanadate stimulated the DNA synthesis of osteoblast significantly in dose-dependent manner within the concentration from $2{\mu}M\;to\;8{\mu}M$, however showed diminution at $10{\mu}M$ (P < 0.001). 3. Sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadate stimulated the percent collagen synthesis of osteoblast significantly in dose-dependent manner within the concentration from $5{\mu}M$ to $10{\mu}M$ (P < 0.001). 4. Sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadate stimulated the noncollagen synthesis of osteoblast significantly in dose-dependent manner within the concentration from $5{\mu}M\;to\;10{\mu}M$ (P < 0.001). In conclusion, sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadate stimulate the proliferation and activity of osteoblast by stimulation of DNA synthesis and collagen and noncollagen synthesis in osteoblast.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2006

Rat aortic ring preparations were mounted in organ baths, exposed to sodium cyanide $(0.01{\sim}1.0\;mM)$ for 10 min, and then subjected to contractile agents or relaxants such as acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and isoproterenol. Presence of low concentration of sodium cyanide did not affect the contractile response to KCl or phenylephrine in the aortic rings with intact endothelium or endothelium denuded. Sodium nitroprusside but not acetylcholine or isoproterenol augmented phenylephrine-induced intact or denuded vascular contraction in the presence of low concentration of sodium cyanide. In conclusion, this study provides the evidence concerning the potentiating effect of sodium nitroprusside on the contraction induced by phenylephrine in rat aortic rings regardless of endothelial function.