• Applied Microscopy
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.11-26
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• 1993

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the pigment epithelial cell and the Bruch's membrane of the retina of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The heads of the rats, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, were exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80cm, and the. dose rate was 200 rads/min. The experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Under anesthesia, 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) was perfused through the left ventricle and ascending aorta. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) and 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. The morphological changes of the pigment epithelial cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. But on the 6th hour after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray, bulging nuclear membrane protruding into the cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin clumped into numerous masses along the nuclear membrane were observed. At the 2nd and 6th day post-irradiation, partial cytolysis or necrosis were seen. 2. The thickness of the Bruch's membrane of the experimental groups were increased in the time and dose range covered by this study, and splitting or diffusing basal laminae of the choriocapillary layer were observed frequently in the experimental group. Above results suggest that large amount(6,000 rads) of head irradiation induce direct hazardous effects on the pigment epitherial cells and Bruch's membrane of the retina of the rat, but pigment epithelial cells are more radioresistant than Bruch's membrane.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.189-193
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• 1999

장기간 투여된 불소가 흰쥐태아의 법랑모세포(ameloblast)에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 임신한 흰쥐에 100ppm, 200ppm 및 300ppm의 불소가 함유된 음용수를 3주간 투여하였으며, 대조군에는 불소가 함유되지 않은 증류수를 섭취시켰다. 생후 11일이 경과된 어린 흰쥐를 희생하여 하악절치를 발치한 후, 법랑모세포의 미세구조적 변화를 관찰하였다. 법랑모세포의 생활주기인 전분비대, 분비대, 성숙대에서 법랑모세포를 광학 및 투과전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 실험군에서는 각 대의 법랑모세포에서 형태 및 구조적인 변형을 나타내었다. 즉, 미토콘드리아 기질 내에서 라멜라 형태의 동심원상의 구조가 평륜됨과 함께 조면소포체가 공포화되고 막성계의 유실로 붕괴가 관찰되었다. 특히 고농도 불소투여군에서는 법랑모세포사이에 세포막이 유실된 세포들이 관찰되었다. 따라서, 임신중인 흰쥐에 투여된 불소는 흰쥐태아의 치아발육과정에서 특히, 법랑질 형성에 관여하는 법랑모세포에 영향을 미쳐 전환주기에 변화를 주었고, 법랑모 세포의 미세구조적 및 형태적 변화를 야기하였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 1999

머리 부분에 많은 양의 방사선을 조사 받은 흰쥐 뇌실막세포의 미세구조에 대하여 연구하였다. 체중 $200\sim250g$의 흰쥐를 실험동물로 사용하였고, 방사선 발생장치로는 Mitsubishi linear accelerator (ML-4MV)를 이용하였다. 실험군의 흰쥐는 sodium thiopental로 마취시킨 후 머리부분이 조사구역 $(30cm\times30cm)$ 안에 들도록 눕힌 후, 조사거리 80cm, 조사 깊이 1.2 cm의 조건에서 200 rad/min의 속도로 연속 조사하였다. 실험군에 따라 3,000 rad 또는 6,000 rad를 조사시킨 후 각각 6시간, 2일, 6일 후에 동물들을 희생시켰다. 희생시에는 마취된 흰쥐의 가슴을 열고 심장을 통한 관류고정을 시행하였고, 관류고정액은 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde액을 사용했다. 고정된 뇌에서 가쪽뇌실벽 일부를 메어 관류고정액과 같은 고정액에 다시 고정한 후, 2% osmium tetroxide 액으로 이차고정 하였고, 이후 통상적인 방법으로 전자현미경 절편제작 및 염색과정을 거친 후 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 방사선조사후 6시간군부터 뇌실막세포는 종창현상을 보였고 섬모의 배열이 흐트러졌으며 부분적으로 세포질이 뇌실공간으로 돌출하였다. 2. 방사선조사후 2일군부터는 뇌실막세포의 종창현상이 심하며 뇌실막밑조직의 부종이 심했다. 3. 뇌실막세포의 돌출부분 세포질에는 섬모바닥체, 사립체, 세포질세망들이 들어 있었다. 4. 방사선조사군에서는 확장된 뇌실막세포사이공간을 통하여 뇌실막밑층의 축삭성분 등이 뇌실속 까지도 돌출하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 보아 방사선조사에 의해 뇌실막세포에는 심각한 형태학적 변화가 초래되며, 이로써 뇌실질과 뇌척수액사이의 대사관문이 교란될 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.476-488
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• 2008

This study investigates the relationship of smoking on daily intake of nutrients and snacks in the Chungnam and Daejeon high school students. Up to date scientific nutrition education and counseling programs in the regular school system is needed for a professional nutrition education teacher. The primary objective of this study was to provide useful information to nutrition education teachers. A survey was conducted with 400 high school students in the Chungnam and Daejeon areas. 381 out of 400 questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS 12.0K. The subjects were composed of 49.8% male, 50.1% female and 40.9% regular high school students, 59.1% business high school students and smokers 43.1%, non-smokers 56.9%. 43.4% of smokers had been smoking since middle school. On analysis of daily nutrient intakes, 16 out of 19 nutrients except animal calcium, Vitamin A and Vitamin C were much more consumed by the smoking group than the non-smoking group non-significantly. Especially vegetable fat and Vitamin E were higher in the smoking group than the non-smoking group (p<0.05). The intake ratio of carbohydrates: protein: fat was similar in the two groups (smoking group 55:15:29, nonsmoking group 56:15:28). Intakes of Vitamin B1 and potassium in comparison with the Korean dietary reference intakes(KDRI) were under 50% in both groups. However, sodium was taken over 200% compared to KDRI in both groups. Intakes of Vitamin C in the smoking group were as low as 76.5% in comparison to KDRI. Smokers need to increase the intakes of Vitamin C considering that smokers need to intake Vitamin C two times than non-smokers. Nutrient intakes from snacks in the smoking group were higher than the non-smoking group. Nutrients that originated from snacks which took over 20% among daily nutrient intakes were 12 nutrients(energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, P, Fe, K, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, dietary fiber) in the smoking group compared to 7 nutrients(energy, vegetable protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin C) in the non-smoking group. The smoking group was significantly paying more money for snacks each month than the non-smoking group was(p<0.01). Periods of consumption were irregular in the smoking group(p<0.05) and the smoking group was used to taking snacks in the morning compared to the non-smoking group. The smoking group preferred sweets and high calorie food over other snacks in comparison of the non-smoking group. The nonsmoking group had better eating habits than the smoking group.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations between bone mineral density (BMD) and dietary and non-dietary factors in female college students. The BMD of the subjects (n = 38) was measured using DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) at lumbar spine and three femoral sites including femoral neck, ward's triangle, and femoral trochanter. Three-day 24-hour dietary recall data were collected from each subject to assess consumption levels of nutrients and food groups. The mean (${\pm}SD$) values of age, age of menarche, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass, and % body fat of the subjects were 21.34 (${\pm}1.73$) years, 13.1 (${\pm}1.2$) years, 161.3 (${\pm}5.0$) cm, 53.7 (${\pm}7.2$) kg, 20.6 (${\pm}2.6$) $kg/m^2$, 0.80 (${\pm}0.04$), 15.4 (${\pm}4.4$) kg, and 28.2 (${\pm}4.7$), respectively. The BMD values of lumbar spine, femoral neck, ward's triangle, and femoral trochanter as T-value were $1.150{\pm}0.13\;g/cm^2$, $0.932{\pm}0.11\;g/cm^2$, $0.850{\pm}0.13\;g/cm^2$, and $0.721{\pm}0.10\;g/cm^2$, respectively. The daily mean energy intake of the subjects was 1660.6 kcal. The intake levels of carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and folic acid were lower than the KDRIs, while those of fat, phosphorus, sodium, vitamin A, and vitamin $B_6$ were higher than the KDRIs. Significantly negative correlation were detected between consumption of fat and oils and the BMD of all sites measured (p < 0.05). Potato and starch intake was negatively correlated to the BMD of femoral neck and word's triangle (p < 0.05). The intake of cereals was found to be negatively correlated to the BMD of ward's triangle (p v 0.05). There was also negative correlation of intake of soybeans and products with the BMD of lumbar spine (p < 0.05). Weight and muscle mass were positively correlated to the BMD of both lumbar spine and femurs (p < 0.01). Significantly positive correlations between BMI, and fat mass and the BMD of lumbar spine were observed (p < 0.001). Additionally fat mass was positively correlated to the BMD of femoral neck. WHR and % body fat were positively correlated to the BMD of lumbar spine (p < 0.05). Negative correlation was found between a serum calcium level and the BMD of femoral neck (p < 0.05). In summary non-dietary factors generally showed significant correlations with the BMD of lumbar spine, while several dietary factors showed significant correlations with the BMD of femurs.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Objectives: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. Methods: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ${\geq}19$ years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. Results: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. $631.6 {\mu}gRE/day$) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). Conclusions: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

본 연구는 바이오에탄올 생산용 작물 선발을 위해 국내재배 가능한 일년생 작물중에서 바이오매스 생산량이 우수한 수수-수단그래스 교잡종에 대한 바이오에탄올 생산성을 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총 11 품종의 수수-수단그래스 교잡종 대한 화학적 특성 검증 결과 셀룰로오스 함량은 Green Star 품종이 가장 높았으며 발효율 검정을 위해 Green Star, Revolution, KF429 그리고 SS504 4품종을 선발하였다. 2. 선발된 4품종으로부터 발효 당을 추출하기 위해 시료와 1 M NaOH 용매를 1:14의 비율로 혼합하고 $150^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 전처리하였을 때 시료내 셀룰로오스 함량은 55%이상 이였으며, 발효 저해 작용을 하는 리그닌 및 회분 함량은 65%이상 제거 되었다. 3. 전처리물의 당화율 검정을 위해 celli CTEC II 효소 30 FPU/g-cellulose를 사용하였으며 4품종의 당화율은 평균 86%이었다. 4. 수수-수단그래스 교잡종의 발효율 검정은 동시당화발효(SSF)방법으로 수행하였으며 발효균주로는 Saccharomysis cerevisiae CHY1011를 사용하였고, 결과적으로 Green Star의 발효율이 92.4%로 가장 높았으며 에탄올 생산량은 6,206 L/ha임을 확인하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.329-333
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• 2016

전기분해에 의한 소독은 소규모 하수처리장, 강우월류수, 선박평형수, 수영장, 양식장 등 염소의 운송, 보관, 사용에 어려움이 있는 곳에 활용될 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 전압(2-5 V), 반응시간(1-10 min), 전해질농도(HCl 0.4-2.2% (w/v), NaCl 5-20 g/L)가 전기분해 산화제(HOCl, $O_3$, $H_2O_2$) 생성 효율에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 회분식 실험 시 투입 전자 대비산화제 전환율(전류 효율)이 가장 높은 최적 조건은 HCl 2.2%, 3 V, 반응 시간 5분이었으며, 이 때의 전류 효율은 99.3%였다. HCl 2.2%, 3 V에서 수행한 연속식 전기분해실험에서는 전류 효율이 97.4% 이상이었으며, NaCl 농도(0-20 g/L) 증가에 따라 주요 산화제인 HOCl의 농도가 비례하여 증가하여 최대 99.8%의 결과를 보였다. 연속식 실험에서 얻은 전기분해수를 이용한 살균실험 결과 5분 안에 92.2% 이상의 총대장균군이 제거되어, 전기분해가 병원성 미생물 소독에 유효하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 확인되었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.245-260
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• 1991

Surficial dispersion patterns of heavy metals and toxic elements (U, Mo, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Pb, and Cd) were investigated in the Dukpyungri, Goesan area covered with low grade uranium-bearing black shales. Maximum abundance of U in the black shale was 455ppm. Radioactivity was counted at a maximum of 7cps in black shales, and was less than 0.5cps in shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas. Enrichment of Mo, V, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in black shales is particularly characteristic compared with shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas, whereas contents of Mn, Cr, Co, and Th in all rock samples tend to be almost similar. Residual top soils (0~15cm depth) over black shales show high contents of Mo, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and V in comparison with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in subsoils (15~30cm depth) were higher about one and half times than those in topsoils. Average contents of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and V in garden soil and playground soil of an elementary school in Dukpyungri, Goesan area, were high about two to fifteen times compared with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in stream sediments were higher from two to eight times than those in residual soils. Sodium, AI, K, V, Cr, and Fe were more enriched in the roots of pine than in the twigs of pine. Contents of Li, AI, V, Ni, Cd, Fe, and Co were higher in the roots of azalea than in the twigs of azalea. Enrichment of P, Ca, and Mg was remarkable in the twigs of both pine and azalea. Biological absorption coefficients for essential elements (Zn, P, Mn, Ca and K)tend to be high, whereas those for the non-essential elements.(Ba, Ti, V, and Mo) and toxic elements(Cr, Co, Pb and Ni) be low. Less mobile elements (Pd, Cd, and Co) tend to show anomalies with higher contrast than more mobile elements(Mo, V, Zn, Cu and Ni) in the area covered with black shales.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2015

동절기에 폭설 등의 기상변화로 인해 제설제의 사용이 증가하고 있고, 교통사고의 예방과 인적 손실을 최소화하기 위해 이용된다. 제설제의 주성분으로는 염화칼슘과 염화나트륨이 있다. 최근에 수질오염, 농업생산성 감소 등의 염화물계 제설제의 부작용을 저감하기 위해 대체 제설제에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 밀, 보리, 시금치에 대해 PC-10과 EFD-1 제설제의 영향을 조사하였다. PC-10과 EFD-1 제설제를 사용하여 보리, 밀, 시금치의 성장과 발아, 생체량을 조사하였다. EFD-1은 조사작물에 대해 PC-10 보다 발아억제가 더 강하였다. 제설제 영향에 대한 관능조사에서 시금치는 다른 작물에 비해 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 토양 내 제설제 잔류조건에서 EFD-1은 PC-10에 비해 발아억제효과가 높았다. 조사작물의 줄기 및 뿌리 생장은 EFD-1처리구보다 PC-10 처리구가 대조구와 비교하였을 때 상대적으로 양호하였다. 제설제의 처리구는 생체량 측정에서 조사작물 모두에서 대조구에 비해 낮았으며, 2% 이상의 처리농도에서 PC-10은 23-35%, EFD-1은 39-84%의 생체량 감소를 보였다. 이상의 결과들은 대체제설제인 PC-10이 EFD-1 비해 조사작물들의 발아, 생장, 생체량 감소에 영향을 덜 주는 것으로 판단된다.