• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.290-299
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate drinking smoking exercise and environmental characteristics and it's risk factors for hypercholesterolemia (HC) in Korean. 344 adult men who took the annual health check-ups at D or J hospitals were participated in this corss-sectional study. The subjects were grouped by plasma total cholesterol level into three groups: normal cholesterolemic(n=139) borderline hyper-cholesterolemic (n=93) and hypercholesterolemic (n-112) groups. The data of plasma cholesterol level in the subjects were collected from medical records. Drinking smoking and exercise habits family and disease history personality type and stress level of subjects were investigated by using questionaries. The subjects with HC had longer drinking duration and drunk more frequently. The proportion of smok-er heavy smoker($\geq$2pack/day) and longer smoker ($\geq$30yrs) showed high in the HC but there were no significancy. The subjects with HC had preference for light exercise and exercised more frequently but there were no significant difference. The family history of cardiovascular diseases was higher in the were not different among the three groups. The relative risks on HC were 1.33 for family history, 1.22 for severe stress 1.06 for smoking and 1.04 for exercise.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제82권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2019

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis can result in anatomical sequelae, and cause airflow limitation. However, there are no treatment guidelines for patients with a tuberculosis-destroyed lung. Recently, indacaterol effectiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with Tuberculosis history (INFINITY) study revealed indacaterol provided bronchodilation and symptom improvement in COPD patients with a tuberculosis-destroyed lung. Methods: We conducted a post-hoc subgroup analysis of the randomized controlled trial, the INFINITY study, to determine factors associated with indacaterol response in a tuberculosis-destroyed lung with airflow limitation. Data from 68 patients treated with inhaled indacaterol, were extracted and analyzed. Factors associated with the response of forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$) to indacaterol treatment, were determined using linear regression analysis. Results: Of 62 patients included, 68% were male, and 52% had history of cigarette smoking. Patients revealed mean $FEV_1$ of 50.5% of predicted value with mean improvement of 81.3 mL in $FEV_1$ after indacaterol treatment for 8 weeks. Linear regression analysis revealed factors associated with response of $FEV_1$ to indacaterol included a short duration of smoking history, and high short-acting bronchodilator response. When patients with history of smoking were excluded, factors associated with response of $FEV_1$ to indacaterol included high short-acting bronchodilator response, and poor health-related quality of life score as measured by St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD. Conclusion: In a tuberculosis-destroyed lung with airflow limitation, short-acting bronchodilator response and smoking history can play a critical role in predicting outcomes of indacaterol treatment.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2011

이 연구는 보건소 금연클리닉에 등록하여 6개월 금연에 성공한 사람들의 장기적인 금연 지속 여부와 재흡연에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 실시되었다. 2008년 1월부터 2009년 2월까지 C시 보건소 금연클리닉에 등록하여 6개월 금연에 성공한 920명 중 조사에 응한 남성 159명을 최종 분석 대상으로 하였다. 연구 자료는 금연클리닉 등록카드와 2010년 9월 20일부터 10월 20일까지 실시된 우편설문을 통해 수집되었다. 연구에 포함된 변수는 응답자들의 흡연상태, 인구사회학적 특성, 금연클리닉 등록 당시의 흡연관련 특성, 금연클리닉을 통하여 제공받은 서비스, 건강행태, 건강믿음모형의 구성 변수 등이었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 6개월 금연성공자 중 지속적 금연성공자는 57.2%, 중간 흡연자는 17.0%, 재흡연자는 25.8%였다. 재흡연자들의 재흡연 이유는 스트레스가 쌓여서 76.2%, 본인의 의지가 약해서 16.7%, 주위의 유혹에 의해서 7.1%로 나타났다. 응답자의 인구사회학적 특성, 과거의 흡연관련 특성, 제공받은 금연상담서비스, 건강행태 요인 등은 6개월 금연 성공자의 1년 후 재흡연 여부에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하였으며, 건강믿음모형의 구성요소 중 (1) 흡연으로 인한 질병의 발생 가능성, (2) 흡연으로 야기되는 질환의 심각성, (3) 금연의 건강증진에 대한 도움, (4) 금연으로 인한 스트레스와 사회생활에 대한 장애정도, (5) 자기효능감이 단변량분석에서 재흡연 여부에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 서열 로짓 분석을 시행한 결과 이 중 (4) 금연으로 인한 스트레스와 사회생활에 대한 장애정도, (5) 자기효능감만이 재흡연 여부에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 자기효능감이 매우 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 연구를 통해 보건소 금연클리닉을 통하여 6개월 금연에 성공한 남성들 중 상당수가 재흡연을 하게 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 재흡연자들은 다시 담배를 피우게 된 이유를 스트레스의 증가나 자신의 의지부족 때문이라고 하였으며, 재흡연에 영향을 미치는 요인이 금연자의 인구사회학적 변수나, 과거의 금연습관보다는 심리학적 요인, 특히 자기효능감과 금연과 관련된 인지된 장애임도 밝혀졌다. 이러한 연구결과는 금연클리닉 등록자 중 재흡연 위험이 높은 사람을 선별하여 맞춤식 관리를 하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대되며, 금연 클리닉 등록자를 위한 스트레스 해소나 자기효능감 강화 프로그램 개발이 시급함을 시사한다. 이 연구는 일개 중소도시의 금연클리닉 등록자 중 남성만을 대상으로 하였고, 우편조사로 인한 낮은 응답률, 조사 시기에 따른 회상 오차, 금단 증상, 행동계기(cue to action), 금연에 대한 사회적 지지와 같은 변수가 누락되는 등 연구방법론 상에 제한이 있어 연구결과의 일반화에 주의를 요하며, 향후 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완할 필요가 있다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.371-374
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of the cadmium and lead levels in blood by age, gender and smoking status among 181 students in Gyeongnam province from June 2005 to July 2006. The cadmium and lead levels in blood was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Subjects were classified for the investigation according to smoking status as smokers and nonsmokers, age and gender. Mean blood cadmium level in male and female was $1.65{\mu}g/dl,\;1.10{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. Male was significantly higher than that of female. Blood cadmium levels in heavy smokers ($11{\sim}20\;ea/day$) and light smokers ($1{\sim}10\;ea/day$) were $2.34{\mu}g/dl,\;1.10{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. Heavy smokers were significantly higher than those of light smokers. In the comparison of age, gender and smoking status in blood Lead levels were no significant differences. In conclusion, heavy smoking was the most significant risk factor to increase blood cadmium levels. The further study will need analysis of the other factors related to the elevation of the cadmium and lead levels.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze sexual experience rates according to socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and internet use time, and to identify sex experience related factors in high school students using the data from the 11th Korean Youth Health Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Methods: A total of 33,744 students (17,346 boys and 16,398 girls) in high schools were analyzed using the SPSS WIN version 22 program. SPSS complex samples methods were used for analyses. Socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and internet use time as independents variables were included. The complex samples logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio of the sexual experience according to the socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors and internet use time. Unweighted frequencies and percentages were represented in result tables. Results: 3.6% of girls and 9.9% of boys in high school had sexual experiences. Daily average smoking amount and daily alcohol drinking amount were a dose-response relationship with sexual experience after considering confounding factors. Students who smoke 10-19 cigarettes had 5.74 times higher risk and 20 cigarettes or more had 7.27 times higher risk of sexual experiences, comparing with non-smoking students, relatively. Likewise, students who drink soju less than 1-2 bottles and more than 2 bottles had 3.82- and 4.35 times higher chance of sexual experiences, compared with non drinking students, respectively. Conclusions: We found that there were the dose-response relationship between health behavioral characteristics and sexual experiences. Further research is needed to identify an interaction effect between smoking and drinking alcohol on sexual experiences in high school students.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.197-200
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• 2013

Background: A variety of sociodemographic factors, such as gender, age, household income, and educational level, influence individuals' likelihood of smoking.Work-related factors may also be linked to smoking behavior.We sought to investigate the relationship between smoking and work environment in South Korea. Methods: We analyzed data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine whether there was an association between smoking and occupation type (e.g., manual, nonmanual, or service work), night-shift work, and hours worked/week (e.g., <40, 40-48, 49-60, or >60 hours) for 4,685 workers. Regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables such as age, recent alcohol consumption, hours slept, educational level, and household income. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 50.1% in men and 7.2% in women. For women, manual workers had 2.34 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-5.36] greater odds of smoking compared with nonmanual workers, whereas service workers had 2.37 times greater odds (95% CI: 1.28-4.40). Furthermore, women who worked 49-60 hours had 2.21 times greater odds of smoking (95% CI: 1.10-3.75) as compared with women who worked 40-48 hours. Conclusion: Women who work long hours or who are employed in service or manual positions are more likely to smoke. These results indicate a need in South Korea to target these specific groups when creating nonsmoking policies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.579-582
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• 2013

Background: In this study our aim was to determine the rate of smoking in a sample of psychiatric in-patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression and to examine factors related to smoking status and the level of dependence in this population. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 people were included in this descriptive study. 80 were inpatients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression and 80 people without any psychiatric diagnoses were included as a control group. The participants were interviewed face-to face using a semi-structured questionnaire and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence was used to define smoking habits. Results: The mean age of the participants was $37.24{\pm}12.19$ years ranging from 18 to 81 years, 54.4% of the participants were (n=87) female, and 45.6% cases (n=73) were male. 70% (n=56) of the patients and 55% of the control group were smoking and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Total score of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence in the patient group was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.01). Conclusions: In our sample, the frequency of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence among psychiatric inpatients was high, posing a high risk for smoking related diseases including cancers; therefore there should be counseling on tobacco control and smoking cessation programming targeting this population.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.5169-5175
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• 2014

이 연구는 일개광역시 보건소 금연클리닉 서비스 이용자의 금연관련 요인을 찾고자 수행되었다. 연구 대상자는 2007년 일개광역시 보건소 금연클리닉에 등록된 이용자 2,125명이었다. 빈도분석, 카이제곱검장, 다중로지스틱 회귀분석 등이 이용되었다. 6개월 금연 성공률은 39.8%였다. 남성, 65세 이상에서 금연률이 높았다. 고혈압, 주 2회 이상 음주자, 규칙적인 운동자, 10ppm 이상의 일산화탄소량 일수록 금연성공률이 유의하게 높았다. 다른 독립변수는 금연성공률과 통계학적으로 유의한 결과를 보이지 않았다. 로지스틱회귀분석 결과, 연령, 사용된 니코틴패치 수, 총 의뢰횟수 등이 금연성공과 유의한 기여요인으로 도출되었다. 특히 총 의뢰횟수가 가장 높은 오즈비를 보였다. 규칙적인 의뢰가 보건소 금연클리닉 프로그램에서 금연성공의 가장 효과적인 중재가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.771-781
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• 1995

The present study was aimed to examine various factors related to serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index, lipoperoxides and vitamin E in 174 middle-aged men residing in Taegu. Body mass index was positively correlated with serum triglyceride, and waist-hip circumference ratio was positively correlated with serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index and vitamin E concentration. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index of the subjects who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day were significantly higher than those with smoking less or non-smokers. drinking alcohol more than 5 times per week showed higher atherogenic index than drinking less frequently of non-drinking. Subjects doing exercise had higher HDL-cholesterol level than those with no exercise. The intakes of all nutrients were above 90% of RDA and the subjects with good food habit had lower of total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index and lipoperoxides. The study indicates that avoiding heavy smoking and drinking as well as obesity and keeping regular exercise, good food habit and diversity of foods will reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to obesity of mid-age women and to examine the relationship between obesity and chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Methods: Using data from Korean American adults living in California, we analyzed the health behavior (diet, exercise, smoking, and binge drinking) and psychological stress of obese women with body mass index ${\geq}25$ by using chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to investigate independent effects of obesity on chronic diseases, after controlling for risk factors. Results: The prevalence of obesity appeared about 16.9%. The Obese group was less likely than the non-obese group to eat vegetables and more likely feel psychological stress. There were no significant differences in smoking, alcohol intake, and physical exercise between the two groups. Obesity was strongly related to chronic diseases (OR=4.642, 95% CI=1.328-16.222). Conclusion: This study suggests that obesity of mid-age women could be reduced by encouraging health behavior such as eating vegetables daily, performing physical exercise regularly, and taking care of emotional stress. Diet and physical activity interventions and emotional supports should be developed for weight loss and prevention of weight gain in mid-age women.