• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examinate the effect of aging period on chromatic, chemical and organoleptic characteristics, and to evaluate of optimum aging period for each grade in flue-cured leaf tobacco. The leaf tobaccos were produced in 2000, and threshed, redried and packed in carton box under the current methods. Four grades of processed leaf(A3O, B1O, C1L and D3L) were stored during 24 months(May 10, 2001 to April 31, 2003) in warehouse of Chungju Leaf Tobacco Processing Factory. The leaf tobaccos were sampled at three month intervals for analysis of chromatic, chemical and organoleptic properties. Yellow(b), pH values and total sugar contents of four grades were significantly decreased during the aging. Filling values, tar, nicotine and CO contents of tobacco smoke, and puff number of cigarettes were not significantly changed during the aging. Positive correlation coefficients were significantly observed between taste and irritation of the calculated attributes from contents of volatile oil components in leaf tobacco and those of the panel sensory attributes. The ratio of maximum change in taste attribute was larger than that in irritation attribute during aging. The optimum aging periods estimated by taste for A3O, B1O, C1L and D3L were 17.8, 14.9, 10.8, and 9.8 months, respectively. The thin leaf(Primings and Cutters) undergo satisfactory aging earlier as compared to bodied leaf(Leaf and Tips). The results suggest that decrease of aging period for thin leaf from 18～21 to 9～12 months may be beneficial to save storage cost in flue-cured tobacco.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2017

Previous studies have found that firefighters have a tenfold higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) compare to the general population. Firefighters are constantly exposed to various occupational hazards including toxic chemicals of fire residue and the toxic chemicals can effects development and progression of PD. Nevertheless, there were no studies about the association between exposure to chemical byproducts of combustion and the development of PD among firefighters. Thus the aim of this study is to look into existing researches regarding the effect of chemical byproducts of combustion on the development of PD. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify harmful chemical components of smoke and fire residue, using the PubMed database during November of 2016. We searched for relevant articles by combining several keywords that contained "Parkinson's disease" and each of the different toxic chemicals, yielding a total of 1401 articles. After applying the selection criteria, 12 articles were chosen. Chemical substances reported to have a harmful effect on PD, in at least one article, were carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. Carbon monoxide and metal substances including manganese and lead were found to be associated with an increased PD risk in more than two articles. There was a heightened risk of PD in firefighters due to exposure of chemical byproducts of combustion including carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. However, to the best of our knowledge, to support this result we need more systematic epidemiological studies about these risk factors of PD among firefighters. In addition, further studies for the effects of prolonged exposure to toxic fire residue on the development and progression of PD in firefighters are needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 1977

The lipid components, fatty acid compositions, physical and chemical characteristics of crude oil in Amorpha fruticosa seed were determined and proximate compositions of it were also analyzed. The results were summarized as follow: 1) The proximate composition showed moistrue to be 10.14%, crude protein to be 21.77%, crude fats to be 12.73%, carbohydrates to be 51.75% and crude ash to be 3.61%. 2) Specific gravity, refractive index, smoke point and titer of the crude oil were $0.925\;(15/15^{\circ}C)$, $1,477(15^{\circ}C)$, $175^{\circ}C$ and $14.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3) Iodine, saponification, acid, ester value and unsaponifiable content of the crude oil were 144, 182, 2.9, 179 and 5.17%, respectively. 4) Lipid components were separated by TLC and quantitatively determined by TLC scanner to give 75% triglycerides, 14% esterified sterols, 3.08% phospholipids, 4.4% free sterols and 3.77% free fatty acids. 5) Fatty acid compositions were quantitatively determined by GLC to give 76.21% linoleic acid, 9.92% palmitic acid, and 5.07% stearic acid as the main components, oleic, linolenic, palmitoleic and arachidic acid were presented in small quantities.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 1996

Experiment was conducted to get the information about physico-chemical properties of flue-cured tobacco on the degree of maturity cultivated in paddy-upland rotated field, and compared to upland ones. For the samples of this experiment, 3~4 leaves at each stalk position were harvested from the bottom of plants. Physico-chemical properties of cured leaves were determined from the samples collected at weekly intervals, and of obtained from 4 stalk positions. For the degree of maturity, harvested leaves were separated with visual characters into four classes such as immature, mature, ripe, and mellow. Regardless of stalk position, the order of shrinkage rate with length and width of leaves was mellow> immature> ripe> mature, and ripe leaves from paddy field showed higher shrinkage rate than those of upland. Nicotine and total nitrogen contents were decreased with the degree of maturity while reducing sugar content were showed a reverse tendency. Ripe leaves from paddy field had lower reducing sugar contents, comparing with upland tobacco. Filling capacity of cured leaves from paddy field was decreased with degree of maturity, but there was no difference between upland and paddy tobacco. Shatter index was increased in the oeder of immature > mellow > mature > ripe. Chemical components of cigarette smoke from paddy field tobacco were little higher in $CO_2$ total particulate matter and tar contents, while combustibility was little lower than that of upland tobacco. It was also evaluated that paddy field tobacco was unfavorable for the non-volatile organic and higher fatty acids contents comparing with upland tobacco.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 1979

The solvent extracting of the tobacco has been carried out in order to find out any effects for the removal and/or reduction of nicotine from tobacco without affecting the tobacco flavor. We have now completed the physico-chemical characterization of the solvent untreated/treated tobaccos and 2) the contents of the tar and nicotine in the smoke. The results obtained ate like followings; 1. 3% alcohol extraction reduced the total nitrogen content for the Bright by 36.4%. However, it could not reduce the sugar content. 2. Nicotine content in tobacco leaves was inversely proportional to the dipping time Essentially same results were obtained in anacidic solution and even in a solution containing both alkali and acid. 3. Derivative thermogravimetric(DTG) curves indicated test extraction was effective by removing tobacco leaf components which could decompose or volatilize between the temperature of $150^{\circ}C\;and\;350^{\circ}C$. 4. 3% alcohol extracted leaf have the substantial improvements as following; (1) bulk filling power of 10% and 24% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively, (2) combustibility shortening of about 3 minute and 2 minute for Burley and Bright tobaccos, respectively, (3) reduction ratio(%) of nicotine was found to be shout 61.5% and 54.5% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively, (4) reduction ratio (%) of tar was obtained to he about 25% and 15% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 1979

Environmental pollution or contaminations caused by various kinds of pollutants have become one of most serious problems of our time. Environ mental pollution is the unfavoralble alteration of our surroundings, through direct or indirect effects of changes in energy patterns, rediation levels, chemical and physical constitution and abundances of organisms. These changes may affect humans directly or through their supplies of water and of agicultural and other biological products, their physical objects or possessions, or their opportunities for recreation and appreciation of nature. Pollutants that meet the criteria of this definition of environmental pollution are numerous: gases (such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and paniculate matter (such as smoke particles, lead aerosols, and asbestos) in the atmosphere; pesticides and radioactive isotopes in the atmosphee and in waterways; sewage, organic. chemicals, and phosphates in water; solid wastes on land; excessive heating (thermal pollution) of rivers and lakes; and many others. Some of these pollutants are introduced into the environment naturally, others by human actions, and most in both ways. Our major concer is with environmental pollution resulting wholly or largely as a by-product of human activities, because these can be controlled most readily. Environmental pollution cannot be solved by science and technology alone. It should be handled by an interdisciplinary approach with combined methods of science and technology as wen as social science disciplines for the better solution of this critical problem. In this respect, introducing "Environmental Science," a new scientific approach for the solution of environmental problems, which is now widely accepted by most developed countries of the world will be very helpful for systematization of theoretical basis for a new scientific approach to environmental pollution. Environmental science is "the study of all systems of air, land, water, energy, and life that surround Man. It includes all sciences directed to the system-level of understanding of the environment, drawing especially upon such disciplines as meteorology, geophysics, oceanography, and ecology, and utilizing to the fullest knowledge and techniques developed in such fields as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and engineering as well as many social science disciplines, such as economics, such as economics, law, political science and public administration." The components of this discipline are not new, for they are drawn from existing areas of science within biology chemistry, physics, and geoscience. What is really new about environmental science, however, is it siewpoint - its orientation to global problems, its conception of the earth as a set of interlocking, interacting systems, and its interest in Man as a part of these systems.