• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2004

망목 크기가 다른 네트를 사용하여 같은 지역에서 동시에 채집한 동물플랑크톤 자료를 비교하였다 작은 망목의 네트가 상대적으로 적은 종류의 분류군을 포함하였다. 그러나, 망목의 막힘 현상(clogging) 때문에 인양 거리가 짧아져 시료의 크기(sample size)가 작아진 점과 채집된 개체들이 대체로 작은 것이어서 분류상의 어려움으로 상위 분류군으로 검색된 점 때문에 망목 크기와 채집되는 분류군의 다양성 관계는 일반화하기 어려웠다. 개체수의 관점에서는 큰 망목의 네트가 크기가 큰 동물들을 보다 많이 채집하고, 작은 망목은 크기가 작은 동물을 보다 많이 채집하였으며, 작은 크기의 동물들이 한 order정도 더 많이 분포하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 망목 차이에 기인한 선택적 채집 강도의 영향으로 인하여 주성분 분석을 통한 군집분석의 결과는 서로 달라짐을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.39-55
• /
• 2022

Purpose - This study empirically examines the effect of the Korean government export promotion program (EPP) on small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) export performance using firm-level data. Unlike most previous studies that investigated some specific samples of firms, this study analyzes a vast amount of SME data of the Korean Small and Medium Business Administration over the period 2005 to 2008. Design/methodology - An endogeneity problem arises when a firm's probability of being selected is correlated with the likelihood of successfully implementing EPPs. To control for the endogeneity of the EPPs in a relatively short-period sample, we employ 2-Stage Residual Inclusion (2SRI) RE-Tobit and bivariate Tobit procedure. Findings - Analyses show that Korean government EPPs have positive significant effects on SME exports. Empirical results also show that SME export activities are significantly encouraged by R&D investment and capital intensity, but not obviously by labor productivity. Originality/value - This study provides evidence that SME capital intensity, R&D investment, and the number of workers are significant determinants to SME exporting activities, whereas per worker labor cost and employee education are not. These results imply that even for SMEs, firm size is a major factor in promoting exporting activities.

• 한국병원경영학회지
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.102-122
• /
• 2002

It has been 2 years since the implementation of the separation policy of drug prescription and dispensing. This study analyzes the changes in community pharmacy operation after the implementation of the policy. The main purposes of the analysis are to determine whether the changes in community pharmacy operation have occurred and to evaluate that the changes are consistent with the intention of the policy, if the changes actually have occurred. For the study a survey on 961 pharmacies chosen by stratified sampling method has been performed. Of the 961 sample pharmacies, 438 pharmacies were responded resulting 45.6% response rate. The sample pharmacies are classified by the location that the pharmacy are operating: the pharmacies around large size hospitals, the pharmacies around clinics or medium to small size hospitals and the pharmacies with no hospitals or clinics around. Based on the classification, the number of pharmacies, number of prescriptions processed, the personnel structure, the changes in facility, and other operational characteristics are compared. The results showed that the pharmacies were tended to concentrate around hospitals and clinic since the implementation of the policy. The number of pharmacists per pharmacy was increased, the size of pharmacy was increased and the facilities were improved to accomodate the requirements of the policy. The work hours a pharmacist spent on dispensing drug have increased almost twice, however, there was no corresponding increase in the time spent on patient education and medication history management, indicating a problem in the provision of quality pharmaceutical services. Based on the results, suggestions to minimize the negative effects of the policy are provided.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.24-25
• /
• 1965

수확표조제시(收穫表調製時) 조사(調査)한 표준지(標準地)의 크기는 $40m{\times}40m$ 이하(以上)이어야 한다. 이것보다 작으면 과대(過大)한 평균치(平均値)를 주며 임분(林分)의 구조(構造)가 균일(均一)한것 같이 보이기 쉬우므로 자료음미시(資料吟味時) 기각상임분(棄却象林分)이 채용(採用)될 우려(憂慮)가 있다. $40m{\times}40m$ 크기에서는 우려(憂慮)는 없다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.709-717
• /
• 2008

The difference of two one-sided kernel estimators is usually used to detect the location of the discontinuity points of regression function. The large absolute value of the statistic imply discontinuity of regression function, so we may use the difference of two one-sided kernel estimators as the test statistic for testing null hypothesis of a smooth regression function. The problem is, however, we only know the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under $H_0$ and we hardly expect the good performance of test if we rely solely on the asymptotic distribution for determining the critical points. In this paper, we show that if we adjust the bias of test statistic properly, the asymptotic rules hold for even small sample size situation.

• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국통계학회 2003년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.69-72
• /
• 2003

The paper considers partial least squares (PLS) as a new dimension reduction technique for the feature vector to overcome the small sample size problem in face recognition. Principal component analysis (PCA), a conventional dimension reduction method, selects the components with maximum variability, irrespective of the class information. So PCA does not necessarily extract features that are important for the discrimination of classes. PLS, on the other hand, constructs the components so that the correlation between the class variable and themselves is maximized. Therefore PLS components are more predictive than PCA components in classification. The experimental results on Manchester and ORL databases show that PLS is to be preferred over PCA when classification is the goal and dimension reduction is needed.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.559-568
• /
• 2018

Gene classification can involve complex order-restricted inference. Examining gene expression pattern across groups with order-restriction makes standard statistical inference ineffective and thus, requires different methods. For this problem, Roy's union-intersection principle has some merit. The M-estimator adjusting for outlier arrays in a microarray study produces a robust test statistic with distribution-insensitive clustering of genes. The M-estimator in conjunction with a union-intersection principle provides a nonstandard robust procedure. By exact permutation distribution theory, a conditionally distribution-free test based on the proposed test statistic generates corresponding p-values in a small sample size setup. We apply a false discovery rate (FDR) as a multiple testing procedure to p-values in simulated data and real microarray data. FDR procedure for proposed test statistics controls the FDR at all levels of ${\alpha}$ and ${\pi}_0$ (the proportion of true null); however, the FDR procedure for test statistics based upon normal theory (ANOVA) fails to control FDR.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.2709-2729
• /
• 2016

Representation based classification, kernel method and sparse representation have received much attention in the field of face recognition. In this paper, we proposed an improved kernel principal component analysis method based on sparse representation to improve the accuracy and robustness for face recognition. First, the distances between the test sample and all training samples in kernel space are estimated based on collaborative representation. Second, S training samples with the smallest distances are selected, and Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is used to extract the features that are exploited for classification. The proposed method implements the sparse representation under ℓ₂ regularization and performs feature extraction twice to improve the robustness. Also, we investigate the relationship between the accuracy and the sparseness coefficient, the relationship between the accuracy and the dimensionality respectively. The comparative experiments are conducted on the ORL, the GT and the UMIST face database. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more effective and robust than several state-of-the-art methods including Sparse Representation based Classification (SRC), Collaborative Representation based Classification (CRC), KCRC and Two Phase Test samples Sparse Representation (TPTSR).

• 산학경영연구
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.63-87
• /
• 2004

인터넷 쇼핑몰의 수는 2004년 2월 현재 3,415개이며, 이는 2003년 동월대비 333개가 늘어난 것으로 10.8%의 증가를 보여주고 있다. 그러나 많은 기업들이 수익성 부족으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 이는 전자상거래를 이용하는 소비자들에 대한 연구와 조사 분석이 부족했음을 뜻한다. 지금과 같이 고객에 대한 체계적인 연구가 없이 개인적인 감각이나 세태의 추세에 의존하여 무분별하게 점포를 개설할 경우에 적자의 가능성은 더욱 높아질 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 전자상거래의 한 영역인 기업-소비자간 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 중심으로 소비자의 기대-성과에 대한 차이를 보고자 하였다. 이에 따른 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인터넷 쇼핑몰 유형에 따른 고객만족요인의 유의적인 차이를 알아본 결과, 소비자 불안 인터넷 유용성만 쇼핑몰 유형에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 고객서비스는 인터넷 쇼핑몰 유형에 따른 기대-성과 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 소비자들은 소비자 불안에 대해 쇼핑몰의 유형에 상관없이 성과보다 기대가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 특히, 기대-성과 차이에 있어서 종합형과 전문점에서는 개인정보유출이 가장 큰 차이를 보여주고 있는 반면에 중개형의 기능불안은 기대-성과차이가 가장 적은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 인터넷 유용성에 있어서 기대-성과 차이를 알아본 결과, 전문형에서는 제품 정보 풍부, 정보 탐색비용 절감성이 가장 큰 차이를 나타내고 있는 반면에 중개형은 정보탐색 비용의 절감성이 가장 적은 차이를 보여주고 있다. 둘째, 고객서비스, 인터넷 유용성, 소비자 불안과 고객만족과의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 고객 서비스, 인터넷 유용성, 소비자 불안은 모두 고객만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 고객만족과 구전의도, 재구매 의도에 대한 관련성을 알아본 결과 고객만족은 구전의도, 재구매 의도에 모두 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 3차원 영상으로 표현하여 보여주고, 환자에 관한 각종 정보와 진단정보 등을 신속하게 제공한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 의료영상정보시스템은 초고속 정보통신 망을 통하여 원격의료시스템을 구축하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 외 해수 중에서 생물입자 size 분포 보다 더 광범위한 분포와 다양한 환경(입자의 비중, 해상의 바람, 저질상태, 수심 등)에 의한 것으로 추정되었다.ents should be given this natural ground of proof.understanding with multiple, dynamic representations of the problem using visualization. The strategies used in making a plan were collecting data, using pictures, inductive, and deductive reasoning, and creative reasoning to develop abstract thinking. In carrying out the plan, students can solve the problem according to their strategies they planned in the previous phase. In looking back, the program is very useful to provide students an opportunity to reflect problem-solving process, generalize their solution and create a new in-depth problem. This program was well matched with the dynamic and oscillation Polya#s problem-solving process. Moreover, students can facilitate their motivation to

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.19-30
• /
• 2003

Increasing occupational cerebrovascular & cardiovascular disease, it becomes the most serious problem in the occupational health management. Hypertension is the most important risk factor of cerebrovascular & cardiovascular disease. Although treatment for hypertension has the priority, hypertension has not been managed systematically at the worksite. The objectives of this study were to investigate the actual situation of its treatment, figure out what factors can affect compliance for hypertension treatment and analyze the relations between compliance and employment status. Subjects were 28 workers who have been diagnosed as hypertension at periodic health examination, 20 workers who have been managed for hypertension at dispensary and 22 workers who were diagnosed during the study periods. The results of the study were as follows; 1. More women have been hired as part time workers and had lower education background and income than the full time workers. 2. Among the factors that have been known to affect the treatment compliance, part time workers had less supports from the company than full time workers. 3. We got the comparison of difference between compliance and variables that the factor grade of cure promotion and average ages are high in high compliance. In conclusion there were not the difference of compliance by employment status. But it was hard to rule out the selection vias because the sample size was so small. So it seems difficult to generalized the conclusion that employment status doesn't affect the treatment compliance.