• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.296-304
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• 2003

Purpose: This study is to study sleep disorder, sleep pattern, and depression in adult women, and to offer basic data for a program of the improvement of women's health and nursing intervention. Method: A structured questionnaire was carried out from September 1, 2001 to October 30, 2001 on the subject of 441 females, who are above 18 years old and lived in Seoul. This research tool measured insomnia with APA's insomnia scale(1994), sleep pattern and sleep disorder factors scale(Shin et al(1999)'s), and depression with Radloff's CES-D scale (1977). The data were analyzed with a SPSS program for descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2-test$, and t-test. Result: The result were as follows; 1) 35.1% of all participants have insomnia. 2) Sleep disorder group appeared shorter($50.98{\pm}29.41min$.) than normal group($73.03{\pm}38.7min$.) in daytime sleepiness(p=0.001). 3) Factors of sleep disorder were stress(76.6%), worry(55.6%), without reason(39.6%), and noise outside(37.4%). 4) In relation between sleep disorder and depression, group with sleep disorder($20.20{\pm}11.06$) marked higher depression score than normal group($14.25{\pm}8.81$)(p<0.0001). Conclusion: Based upon these finding, sleep disorder in adult women was influenced by psychological factors, group with sleep disorder showed a higher depression score than normal group, and which indicated correlation with sleep disorder and depression. This study shows that nursing intervention on women's sleep disorder and depression is needed and further research be done to verify the results.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.563-572
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• 1998

The purpose of study was to develop and validate Korean Sleep Scale A which can be easily administrated by nurses for a wide range of adult subjects. Dimensions of sleep concept were derived by literature review. Previously developed sleep sclaes were also analyzed in order to develop scale items. The Korean sleep scale A was structured as a 15 item, 4 point likert type scale. The Scale was tested an 298 female and male adult subjects after pilottest and content validation. The results showed reliability by internal consistency of Cronbach's α=.75 Construct validity was tested by factor analysis and known group technique. Factor analysis showed 4 factors-sleep pattern, sleep evaluation, sleep result, and cause of sleep disturbance. These four factors explained 55.9% of total variance. Correlations between factors ranged from .15-.32. There was correlation among Korean Sleep ScaleA score, Verran and Snyder-Halpern(VSH) Sleep Scale score, and sleep satisfaction scale score, r=.71(p=.00), r=.51(p=.03), respectively, These study results partially support reliability, construct validity, and criterion related validity of Korean Sleep Scale A. Further validation study is required with other subjects and other settings.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2020

An infant's sleep varies considerably from that of adults in terms of structure, amount, and breathing pattern. After birth, sleep becomes evenly distributed throughout the day and night. Nighttime sleep gradually increases with the maturation of circadian rhythm, and sleep is gradually consolidated. Electroencephalography characteristics change with age, from early and dominant active (REM) sleep in newborns to increasing NREM sleep. Similar to other elements of growth, the upper respiratory tract and ribcage gradually increase in size with age, and respiratory control also improves. With these changes, sleep patterns also change. At this time that various sleep disorders may appear. Improved understanding of age-dependent changes in infant sleep can help determine the etiology and facilitate diagnosis of infant sleep diseases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.214-222
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was done to investigate sleep patterns and utilization of the charcoal eyepatch In high school students through a survey research. Method: The participants in this study were 80 students in a high school in Seoul. The period of data collection was from July 1, 2002 to 15, 2002. The research instruments used in this study were the measures of sleep and SPSSWIN 10.0 Program was used for data analysis. Result: The students went to bed after 12 p.m., but many of them easily fell asleep within 5 minutes. They woke up quite early at around 4 to 6 o'clock in the morning but remained in bed 1 hour. Satisfaction with their sleep was the response for 38.8% of the students. While 77% napped, they generally did so in the afternoon and 38.8% napped for half an hour. As for quality of sleep, 2.5% of the students could not sleep deeply, and 21.7% woke frequently during sleep. Their sleep environments were calm and comfortable, and they turned off the light when sleeping. The utilization of the charcoal eyepatch was effective for sleep, fatigue and powerlessness in high school students. Conclusion: Utilization of the charcoal eyepatch was effective for sleep in high school students and while the utilization of charcoal is recommended in life, the effect of charcoal must be testified through research.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

Sleep is associated with definite changes in respiratory function in normal human beings. During sleep, there is loss of voluntary control of breathing and a decrease in the usual ventilatory response to both low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels. Especially, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct neurophysiological state associated with significant changes in breathing pattern and ventilatory control as compared with both wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by erratic, shallow breathing with irregularities both in amplitude and frequency owing to marked reduction in intercostal and upper airway muscle activity. These blunted ventilatory responses during sleep are clinically important. They permit marked hypoxemia that occurs during REM sleep in patients with lung or chest wall disease. In addition, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is more frequent and longer and hypoventilation is more pronounced during REM sleep. Although apneic episodes are most frequent and severe during REM sleep, most adults spend less than 20 to 25% of total sleep time in REM sleep. It is, therefore, possible for patients to have frequent apneas and hypopneas during REM sleep and still have a normal apnea-hypopnea index if the event-rich REM periods are diluted by event-poor periods of NREM sleep. In this review, we address respiratory physiology according to sleep stage, and the clinical implications of SDB and hypoventilation aggravated during REM sleep.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.4336-4345
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• 2014

This study examined the fitness of a path model for the relationship among the perceived health status, pain, sleep pattern, and quality of life in the elderly. The data was collected by questionnaires to 276 elderly in J city. The collected data was analyzed using PASW 18.0(win) and AMOS 18.0(win) program. The model fit indices for the hypothetical model were in good agreement with the recommended levels ($x^2$/DF=1.393, p=.077, GFI=.971, TLI=.983, CFI=.989, RMSEA=.038). Based on the constructed model, the quality of life was influenced directly by the perceived health status, pain and sleep pattern, indirectly by the perceived health status and pain. Pain was influenced directly by the perceived health status, and sleep pattern was influenced directly by pain. These results highlight the need for the development of intervention strategies for the promotion of perceived health status in the elderly to improve the quality of life.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.25-40
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the sleep/activity patterns of neonates and to provide a baseline data in developing an effective maternal-child nursing intervention strategies. The subjects of this study were 57 normal newborn babies from birth to 4 weeks of age, who visited the Postpartum Care Center and two General Hospitals and One Local clinic in Taejon. The data were collected from October 28th, 1999 to April 28th, 2000. The instrument used in this study was NCASA developed by Barnard and validated by the Academic Society of Parent-Child Health. The data were analyzed with the SPSS PC+ 7.5 for window program using means, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The mean amount of daytime sleep was 7.45 hours, nighttime sleep was 4.27 hours, and the total daily sleep was 11.72 hours. The mean amount of longest sleep period was 4.32 hours. The mean regularity of daytime sleep was 35.55%, the nighttime sleep was 44.82%, and the total daily sleep was 39.02%. The mean frequency of nighttime awakenings was 2.44 times. 2. The mean amount of daytime awake periods was 8.54 hours, the nighttime awake periods was 3.72 hours, and the daily total awake periods was 12.27 hours. The mean amount of the longest awake period was 3.98 hours. 3. The mean frequency of daytime feeding was 5.18 times, the nighttime feeding was 2.50 times, and the total daily feeding was 7.49. The mean of regularity of total daily feeding was 61.34%. 4. According to an analysis of sleep patterns based on newborn's age, there were some statistically significant differences noted in the following factors ; amount of nighttime sleep (F=7.65, p=.002), longest sleep period(F=5.84, P=.006). 5. According to an analysis of activity patterns based on newborn's age, there were some statistically significant differences noted in the following factors ; amount of nighttime activity (F=7.64, P=.002), longest activity period (F=4.34, P=.020), frequency of nighttime feeding(F=3.89, p=.029), frequency of total daily feeding(F=3.76, P=.033), and regularity of daily feeding(F=4.66, P=.016). In conclusion, the newborn baby slept more during the daytime than nighttime and more active during the daytime. And there were some irregular sleep/activity pattern noted during 1 to 2 weeks of newborn baby. The results of this study will contribute to maternal-child health nursing practice and nursing research, and provide an information to parents about what to expect their newborn baby.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2009

In accordance with the development of EEG and polysomnography in the field of sleep research, the sleep onset period (SOP) between wakefulness and sleep has been considered an important part for understanding the physiology of sleep. SOP in the transition from wakefulness to sleep is a gradual process integrating various viewpoints such as behavior, EEG, physiology and subjective report. Particularly, based on understanding of EEG changes during sleep, SOP has been regarded as a pattern of topographical change in specific frequency and specific state in EEG. Studies on quantitative EEG (qEEG) and event-related potential (ERP) have suggested that SOP shows the changes of functional coordination at the specific cortical areas in qEEG and the changes of regular patterns in response to environmental stimulation in ERP. The development of sleep EEG and topographic mapping of EEG is expected to integrate various viewpoints of SOP and clarify the neurophysiologic mechanism of SOP further.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2018

Smoking is one of the most harmful causes of disease. Many previous researches have shown that cigarette smoking leads to cardiovascular, respiratory, oncologic, and cerebrovascular diseases. In addition to such adverse effects, the literature indicates that cigarette smoking can worsen sleep quality and induce sleep disorders. This review focuses on the relationship between smoking/nicotine and sleep and sleep disorders of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Because smoking is a behavioral pattern that can be changed, it is important to quit smoking to improve overall health and sleep.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.392-403
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• 2023

This study presents a new hybrid fNIRS-EEG system to meet the demand for a lightweight and low-cost sleep pattern monitoring device. For multiple-channel configuration, a six-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) and a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system with eight photodiodes (PD) and four dual-wavelength LEDs are designed. To enhance the convenience of signal measurement, the device is miniaturized into a patch-like form, enabling simultaneous measurement on the forehead. Due to its fully integrated functionality, the developed system is advantageous for performing sleep stage classification with high-temporal and spatial resolution data. This can be realized by utilizing a two-dimensional (2D) brain activation map based on the concentration changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin during sleep stage transitions. For the system verification, the phantom model with known optical properties was tested at first, and then the sleep experiment for a human subject was conducted. The experimental results show that the developed system qualifies as a portable hybrid fNIRS-EEG sleep pattern monitoring device.