• 영미문화
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.65-102
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• 2018

This paper focuses on "The Story of $Bras-Coup{\acute{e}}$" in George Washington Cable's The Grandissimes (1880), a story to and around which Cable claimed the larger work was built. It tells of an African candio sold into slavery who, to the dismay of his white purchasers, refuses to work, strikes his master, and runs away to lead a life of a fugitive in the swamps. He is finally captured, whipped, and maimed, but not before he casts a powerful voodoo curse at his master and his plantation. He dies a heroic death, with the last words that he goes "To--Africa." Cable once said that he "meant The Grandissimes as truly a political work as it ever has been called." It is a political work in that $Bras-Coup{\acute{e}}^{\prime}s$ personal rebellion is associated with much-feared slave revolts, especially the black revolution in San Domingue/Haiti. There is also $Honor{\acute{e}}$ f.m.c. (free man of color), one of the narrators of "The Story of $Bras-Coup{\acute{e}}$" and a stand-in for the Freedmen in the postbellum United States, who nurses his own insurrectionary flame. Through these figures Cable makes a "terrible suggestion" that a black revolution is on the horizon unless whites would not mend their ways soon.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.409-427
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• 2010

In this paper, I revisit and problematize "blackness" in THH by building on Toni Morrison's call for the theorization of "blackness" in American literature. THH has received much critical attention in the decades that followed its revival, but this paper argues that the meaning of "Africanist presence" has not been adequately addressed in 19th-century women writers' works. This paper is an effort to fill in this gap, and examines the ways in which "blackness" informed and shaped this most popular text of 19th-century America. This paper argues that THH demonstrates contemporary America's fear of "blackness," and rather than celebrating Capitola's feminist credentials or criticizing the lack of sensitivity to racial issues in THH, shows that the significance of the text lies in the ways in which it prophesies an impending national crisis mediated through the disruptive force of Capitola and Black Donald. THH certainly reiterates the popular, contemporary racial paradigms and excludes blacks from the conceptualization of "manhood," and it may seem that the issue of race is subsumed under gender issues when the text continuously privileges gender over race. However, at the same time, Black Donald and Capitola's disruptive energies signify the fear of explosive "blackness," and the disruptive stirrings of "blackness" permeate the novel as the energy that might rupture the seemingly tranquil order of antebellum South. The novel encodes and reflects the fear of blackness in the minds of its readers, and the popularity of this novel foretells nothing less than the explosion of Civil War.

• 영어영문학
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.301-322
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• 2008

Pauline Hopkins's Of One Blood; Or, the Hidden Self was published in the Colored American Magazine during 1902-03. As a literary experimentalist and a political protester, Hopkins uses her fiction as a medium to overcome and ameliorate the violently racialized surroundings of the turn-of-the-century America. Having been faced with racist rhetorics and theories growing on biological differences between races, Hopkins must have felt an overwhelming urgency to challenge the heritage of slavery in American history. In order to speak out her political agenda in such a milieu, she needed a new setting as well as new narrative materials for the new era. She had to move the setting from America to Africa, the ancient utopian Ethiopia; her interest in the ancient African civilization reflects both a popular African-American vision of Africa and the movement of "black nationalism" of the time. She also needed materials from nineteenthcentury sciences, the newly evolving theories of psychology and mysticism (spiritualism/mesmerism), to explore the meaning of "the hidden self" which unfolds the complex nature of Hopkin's position on race, "blood," and African-American racial subjectivity. Hopkins in the novel explores not the color line but the bloodline. Tracing the horrific legacy of incest in the history of slavery, she attempts to redefine the true racial identity of African-Americans in America and to reconstruct their past, both family and race history. At the very center of her major tropes in the novel-such as "of one blood," "the hidden self," and incest-exists female body. Black female body, though it represents the violent site of sexual body (rape and incest) in slavery, ultimately becomes a vehicle to convey and preserve the truth of racial memory/past/history for African-Americans. As a conveyor of the past, black women not just connect the past and the present but also reawaken AfricanAmericans with the legacy of the African 'pure' bloodline. Hopkins's vision here necessitates the reevaluation of black women's role in family and history, heralding the 20th-century black feminine writing. With the major tropes, Hopkins clearly suggests that the blood of (African-)Americans is unrecognizably intermixed. Although the novel ends with ambivalence and without resolution on what Africa signifies, those tropes certainly offer her a vehicle for criticizing as well as for challenging the racial reality of America.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.155-175
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• 2013

Meantime there has been a tendency to keep silent about the role of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora which contributed to the spirit of independence and the realization of country foundation ideology in the official history of Latin America. In some countries, although the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora, which intended to establish a liberal and equal society resisting against slavery and colonization system, was the foundation of independence and the establishment of a new country, their contribution has been difficult to leave an official trace in Caucasian criollo-centered history system. Along with the development of Hcienda in 17th Century, black slaves' collective resistance was developed mainly with el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, the center of the Independence movement of Brazil and South America. The black people who escaped resisting against slavery formed communities and developed organized activities through various politics and social activities. However, such communities were mostly dispersed or destroyed by the colonial power, and the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora lost life. On the other side, in case of Colombia, a community of escaped black slaves which was formed in the early 17th Century is solely remaining in Latin America, moreover, Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's struggle for liberty and equality became the foundation for Comuneros revolution and Independence movement in the late 18th Century. Comuneros revolution which occurred in 1781 awoke self-awareness of liberty and equality, and became an ideological base for independence movement based on revolutional republicanism and philosophy of enlightenment. It is considered that South America's independence movement lead by $Sim{\acute{o}}n$ Boívar was a history that could not have started without historical base of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's resistance against colonization system. Therefore, this study intends to discuss the role and achievement of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora in the process of independence of Latin America mainly with Colombia, which is the center of Independence movement of South America. Through this process, this study intends to revaluate historical contribution of Afro-Ibero America which has been relatively neglected meanwhile in the process of independence and the establishment of country.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2020

이 글은 전쟁과여성인권박물관의 아카이브 관리 사례를 소개하는 글이다. 전쟁과여성인권 박물관은 NGO단체가 운영하는 일본군'위안부' 문제를 다루는 소규모 박물관이다. 외형상으로는 박물관으로 등록, 운영하고 있지만, 실제 모기관의 업무기록물과 수집자료를 이관받아 관리하므로 아카이브 관리 기능이 박물관 업무의 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 이 글의 본문에서는 박물관에서 아키비스트 역할과 소장 기록물의 특징을 소개한다. 일반적인박물관과 기록물관리기관과의 차이점과 특수성을 소장 기록의 유형을 통해 살펴 보았다. 아울러 아카이브 관리를 위한 박물관으로서의 이점을 설명하며 기록물관리기관이 문화기관으로 나아가기 위한 시스템을 제안한다. 한편 최근 맞이한 조직의 위기상황과 위기대응을 위한 기록관리의 현실적인 문제점과 기록관리에 미친 영향 소개하며 앞으로의 기록관리의 비젼과 계획을 들어 본다.

• 영어영문학
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.907-936
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• 2009

Quite arguably, W. E. B. Du Bois is the first figure in the history of black nationalism who engaged most persistently and systematically with the dominant ideology of racism and white supremacy. It is not too much to say that, by contending with the Eurocentric but taken-for-granted concept of the 'Negro' in the turn of the century, Du bois has laid the theoretical and ideological cornerstone of postcolonialism today. But his concept of race varied over time and was even contradictory in the same writings. The early Du Bois defined race as something historically made rather than biologically given and determined. Yet he didn't utterly deny the significance of physical traits and skin color in constructing racial identity. His notion of the 'Negro' was not unambiguous, either. While drawing on the 'soul' of 'black folk' to undermine the Eurocentric dichotomy of white/mind and black/body, Du Bois argued that there is some kind of 'spiritual' differences between whites and blacks, differences that are essentially inherent and hereditary in the 'Negro.' Such essentialist notion of race and the 'Negro' was on the wane in the later Du Bois, especially after his encounter with Marxism. He came to think of race merely as a discourse of racism that can be subverted and even appropriated for anti-racist practices. Following the Marxist assumption that 'the color line' is a class conflict on the international level, Du Bois contended that the 'Negro' is an outcome of slavery which is in turn a subsystem of Western capitalism. He also argued that, since the 'Negro' is not a biological essence but a sociocultural formation, the identity of the 'Negro' can and must be reconstructed according to historical change. For Du Bois, therefore, the resistance against colonialism and capitalism became a resistance against racism. This is why his Pan-African movement shifted its gear from the American program in the initial phase to a truly 'Afrocentric' and socialist one.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2007년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.481-492
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• 2007

The information technology intensive society rapidly moves from manufacturing industry to information technology industry. This paradigm of Robot is depending on intelligent Robot instead of labor. The conventional Robot worked through environmental variation and shift of job. This Robot is unactively response to men's mandate. And, this Robot have had iterative jobs through manipulation of men. But, this intelligent Robot have new technology through society paradigm shift. The outstanding feature of this Robot is perception function and cognition, mobility and manipulation. The definition of original Robot means forceful and tedious, slavery job. This is from robota, robotnick of the Czech Republic. Karel Capek, a playwriter of the Czech Republic use of this letter at 'Rossum's Universal Robots'.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.113-127
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• 2011

The information technology intensive society rapidly moves from manufacturing industry to information technology industry. This paradigm of Robot is depending on intelligent Robot instead of labor. The conventional Robot worked through environmental variation and shift of job. This Robot is unactively response to men's mandate. And, this Robot have had iterative jobs through manipulation of men. But, this intelligent Robot have new technology through society paradigm shift. The outstanding feature of this Robot is perception function and cognition, mobility and manipulation. The definition of original Robot means forceful and tedious, slavery job. This is from robota, robotnick of the Czech Republic. Karel Capek, a playwriter of the Czech Republic use of this letter at 'Rossum's Universal Robots. The service of U-Health is the fusion of Information Technology and Medical Service. The U-Health provides for doing about household's medical behavior. Conclusionally, the Chungbuk has merit on establishment of national consilience complex such as Medical Robot and U-Health.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.129-141
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• 2011

The information technology intensive society rapidly moves from manufacturing industry to information technology industry. This paradigm of Robot is depending on intelligent Robot instead of labor. The conventional Robot worked through environmental variation and shift of job. This Robot is unactively response to men's mandate. And, this Robot have had iterative jobs through manipulation of men. But, this intelligent Robot have new technology through society paradigm shift. The outstanding feature of this Robot is perception function and cognition, mobility and manipulation. The definition of original Robot means forceful and tedious, slavery job. This is from robota, robotnick of the Czech Republic. Karel Capek, a playwriter of the Czech Republic use of this letter at 'Rossum's Universal Robots'. Conclusionally, the Chungbuk province is connected with Korea Institute for Robot Industry Advancement of Daegu and Sejong City. This affect mutual growth with local industry and advancement of environment about living life in the Chungbuk.

• 영미문화
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.29-45
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to research how the writer describes characters of the text who overcome traumatic experiences and restore their identity through rememory in Toni Morrison's Beloved. The writer, Morrison gives the female characters their voices to recover their ethnic identities. By breaking silence, they establish their identities and become Americans from "unspeakable thoughts" to "speaking subjects." The ex-slave Sethe and her daughter, Denver have experienced trauma which works from traces of memory and history after slavery was abolished. Sethe and Denver are isolated from the community at the 124 Bluestone Road. When Beloved, ghost who was killed by Sethe, appears, Sethe and Denver are wondering who she is. Rememorying in Beloved is the important form of narrative that Morrison uses to recover their trauma. Morrison emphasizes the need to reconcile with the community and the aid of community for Sethe and Denver to heal their truma. Thanks to Beloved who leads Sethe and Denver to the community, they can be finally one of the community members in America.