• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1651-1659
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• 2017

Objective: Lao PDR's recent accession to the World Trade Organization necessitates a greater understanding of the patterns and risk of livestock production in order to better align national policy with the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This eco-health study was conducted to improve understanding of the interrelations between market chains and zoonotic infection risks at two strategic cross border points between Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam. Methods: Information gained from smallholder farmer/trader interviews was integrated with serological surveys for pig-associated zoonoses-including hepatitis E virus (HEV), Taenia solium (T. solium) and trichinella-to identify potential linkages between disease risk and pig production and slaughter in low input systems common across the country. Results: Trichinella and HEV exposure was high in both humans and pigs in both study areas, significantly associated with pig slaughter and the subsequent consumption and handling of raw pork products. T. solium demonstrated a strong geographical and ethnic association with the northern study area bordering Vietnam. With the right knowledge and accessible, affordable inputs, the majority of smallholder farmers indicated a willingness to invest more in pig production, which could simultaneously improve livelihoods and decrease exposure to HEV, Trichinella, and T. solium through increased access to formal markets and an improved slaughter processes. Conclusion: The linkages identified when assessing disease risk in the context of potential economic and cultural drivers of transmission highlight the importance of a systems-based approach for the detection and control of zoonotic disease, and contributes to an improved understanding of the Lao PDR livestock sector.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.257-262
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• 2007

The current study was conducted to investigate the optimum stunning voltage and chilling regime with emphasis on reduction in pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork. The experiments were conducted at seven Korean major pig abattoirs using a total of 91,082 industrial population. Frequencies of PSE meat was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased as stunning voltage was elevated from 220-240 (13.14%), 250-280 (29.32%) to 430 volts (36.74%). Chilling methods after slaughter, either with cold water showing or rapid chilling reduced PSE meat by 22% compared to a classic chiller-based slow chilling regime. The current study also revealed that chiller temperature during the first 90 minutes had a significant (p<0.001) effect on PSE incidences. Pigs chilled between -5 to $7^{\circ}C$ resulted in the lowest PSE meat (17.8%), followed by higher than $7^{\circ}C$ (21.3%) and lower than $-5^{\circ}C$ (37.5%). The current data implies that low voltage stunning method (eg., 220-240 volts), followed by rapid chilling regime, maintaining chiller temperature between approximately -5 to $7^{\circ}C$ could reduce PSE incidences.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2016

In order to attain heavier live weight without impairing pork or sensory quality characteristics, carcass performance, muscle fiber, pork quality, and sensory quality characteristics were compared among the heavy weight (HW, average live weight of 130.5 kg), medium weight (MW, average weight of 111.1 kg), and light weight (LW, average weight of 96.3 kg) pigs at time of slaughter. The loin eye area was 1.47 times greater in the HW group compared to the LW group (64.0 and 43.5 cm², p<0.001), while carcass percent was similar between the HW and MW groups (p>0.05). This greater performance by the HW group compared to the LW group can be explained by a greater total number (1,436 vs. 1,188, ×10³, p<0.001) and larger area (4,452 vs. 3,716 μm², p<0.001) of muscle fibers. No significant differences were observed in muscle pH_{45 min}, lightness, drip loss, and shear force among the groups (p>0.05), and higher live weights did not influence sensory quality attributes, including tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Therefore, these findings indicate that increased live weights in this study did not influence the technological and sensory quality characteristics. Moreover, muscles with a higher number of medium or large size fibers tend to exhibit good carcass performance without impairing meat and sensory quality characteristics.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2001

Since the first birth of pig derived from embryonic cells by nuclear transfer, many researches to produce cloned pig have been carried out. Recently, two reports about the birth of somatic cell cloned pigs using in vivo oocytes and also Betthauser et al. (2000) reported the birth of somatic cell cloned pigs using in vitro oocytes. So here we investigated the effect of activation method and culture medium on in vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer embryo using fetal fibroblast. Oocytes derived from slaughter house obtained ovaries were matured for 42 to 44 h in TCM 199. Matured oocytes were denuded using 0.1% hyaluronidase and then Oocytes with the first polar body were used for enucleation by aspirating the first polar body and adjacent cytoplasm in TCM 199 supplemented with 7.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ cytochalasin B. Petal fibroblast cells were prepared from 35 days old fetus. To be used as donor cells, fetal fibroblast cells were serum starved for 3 to 5 days and then isolated into single co:1 by trypsinization. Nuclear transfer embryos were fused using 2 times 1.25㎸ for 30$mutextrm{s}$. Fused NT embryos were activated with calcium ionophore (CI) and 6-dimethyl-aminopurine (6-DMAP). Activated oocytes were cultured in NCSU 23 or BECM 3 for 6 days. There was no significant difference between chemical activation and no chemical activation for blastocyst development rate(11.6 vs. 14.8%). However, cell number was significantly higher when NT embryos were activated with CI and 6-DMAP (31.2 vs. 22.6). When NT embryos were cultured in NCSU 23 or BECM 3, blastocyst development rate was 16.4 and 13.2%, respectively, and cell number was 31.5 and 24.1, respectively. These results suggest that chemical activation after fusion and culture in NCSU 23 could increase cell number of porcine NT embryos.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 2007

Means measuring carcass cut traits in live pigs is needed to genetically improve the production of favorite cuts in swine. The data of body measurements as well as carcass traits were collected from 432 heads of 4 crossbred lines. Weights of most parts and percentages of belly and boston in carcass were significantly influenced by days to slaughter. Most of off test body measurements show higher correlations with carcass cut traits than body measurements of on test and market do. The multiple regression equations for estimation of carcass cut traits by off test body measurements have higher accuracy than by body measurements of on test and market. The coefficients of determination in estimation of polynomial regression with off test body measurements after adjustments of carcass cut traits for days to market were ranged 0.59 to 0.68 and 0.33 to 0.43 in weights and percentages of carcass cuts, respectively. Develop- ment of an excellent Korean type seed stock for favorite cuts can be expected, if the estimation of carcass cut traits for live animals is implemented in swine genetic improvement program.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1492-1497
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• 2005

The goal of the trial was to evaluate the effects of ractopamine (20 ppm in the ration) given pregnant sows during three different pregnancy stages (T1: 25 to 50 d; T2: 50 to 80 d; T3: 25 to 80 d of gestation, and T4: control-no ractopamine) on fetal muscle development (through counts of the number of fibers of the semitendinosus muscle), on the growth and carcass characteristics of the progeny. Forty eight weaned piglets (12 per treatment) were assessed for number of muscle fibers, while performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated on a separate 48 animals (12 per treatment) grown to 100 kg. Animals produced by sows treated from 25 to 50 d of pregnancy (T1) resulted in non-significant increase of 6.85% in the number of muscle fibers in the semitendinosus muscle when compared to animals from the control group. Performance results were significantly different (p<0.05), and animals produced by sows from the T1 group gained more weight during the growth I stage (25 to 50 kg) and during the total period (6 to 100 kg) (991 vs. 903 grams, and 844 vs. 772 grams, respectively) when compared to controls. For carcass characteristics, results showed that animals produced by the T1 group of sows were heavier at slaughter (p<0.05) when compared to the controls (T4) (100.17 vs. 93.09 kg). There was a positive correlation between number of muscle fibers and bodyweights, carcass weights, Longissimus dorsi muscle depth and dressing out (0.80, 0.86, 0.67, and 0.50, respectively). Sows treated with ractopamine between 25 to 50 d of pregnancy produced piglets that performed better and had superior carcass characteristics than those produced by untreated sows. The ractopamine used for pregnancy sows (25 to 50 d) can be indicated as a device to increase the progeny performance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.926-930
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• 2017

High-quality meat is of great economic importance to the pig industry. The 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase 5 (AGPAT5) enzyme converts lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid in the mitochondrial membrane. In this study, we found that the porcine AGPAT5 gene was highly expressed in muscle tissue, influencing meat characteristics, and we also identified a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP) (rs196952262, c.673 A>G) in the gene, associated with a change of isoleucine 225 to valine. The presence of this nsSNP was significantly associated with meat color (lightness), lower cooking loss, and lower carcass temperatures 1, 4, and 12 h after slaughter (items T1, T4, and T12 on the recognized quality scale, respectively), and tended to increase backfat thickness and the water-holding capacity. These results suggest that nsSNP (c.673A>G) of the AGPAT5 gene is a potential genetic marker of high meat quality in pigs.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-207
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• 2004

Identification of animals has been used with an e ar tag with dummy code and blood typing has been used for paternity and individual identification in live animals. Various genetic markers are different for breeds of pig and hence, it is necessary to identity the discrete genetic marker in korean native pig. A total of 240 pigs were used to find korean native pig population specific markers that expressed in population of korean native pigs. To identify the individual traceability, 20 animals were randomly chosen and tested for a whole process from being live to slaughter stages. The candidate genetic marker used in the study were 18 DNA microsatellites which were identified in pig genome. The number of alleles of those DNA microsatellites ranged form a minimum of 3 to maximum of 6. The heterozygote frequency rang6d from 0.44 to 0.69. Effective number of alleles for each DNA microsatellotes were 2 to 4. By choosing 6 candidate genetic markers among all, the traceability of individual identification was estimated as accurate as 99.99%(p>0.0014), nearly.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2003

During the period of December 2000 to November 2001, a total of 419(10.9%) Salmonella was isolated from 3,850 slaughtered pig samples(2,732 lymph nodes and 1,118 caecal contents) in Korea. Three hundred and seventy(13.5%) and 49(4.4%) Salmonella were isolated from lymph nodes and caecal contents, respectively. In the isolation ratio of Salmonella spp originated from each class of season, summer(15.7%), autumn(11.5%), spring(10.0%) and winter(8.3%), in order. As the result of serotyping, B group(67.5%) were the most common, in order of C$_1$(14.6%), D$_1$(6.0%), C$_2$(4.1%) and E$_1$(3.3%). 32 serovars were found, the major serotypes were as follows; S typhimurium(21.7%), S schwarzengrund(16.0%), S derby(15.8%), S typhimurium variant copenhagen(9.8%), S enteritidis (6.0%) and S mbandaka(6.0%). All of the isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin and ofloxacin. The isolates were resistant in order of doxycycline(69.2%), tetracycline(68.7%), penicliin(54.9%) and streptomycin(52.5%).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.61-75
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• 2022

The first purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of pork traceability data, which is monthly time-series data, and to draw implications with regard to its usefulness. The second purpose is to construct a dynamic ecological equation model (DEEM) that reflects the biological characteristics at each growth stage, such as pregnancy, birth and growth, and the slaughter of pigs, using traceability data. With the monthly pig model devised in this study, it is expected that the number of slaughtered animals (supply) that can be shipped in the future is predictable and that policy simulations are possible. However, this study was limited to traceability data and focused only on building a supply-side model. As a result of verifying the traceability data, it was found that approximately 6% of farms produce by mixing great grand parent (GGP), grand parent (GP), parent stock (PS), and artificial insemination (AI), meaning that it is necessary to separate them by business type. However, the analysis also showed that the coefficient values estimated by constructing an equation for each growth stage were consistent with the pig growth outcomes. Also, the model predictive power test was excellent. For this reason, it is judged that the model design and traceability data constructed with the cohort and the dynamic ecological equation model system considering biological growth and shipment times are excellent. Finally, the model constructed in this study is expected to be used as basic data to inform producers in their decision-making activities and to help with governmental policy directions with regard to supply and demand. Research on the demand side is left for future researchers.