• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.567-571
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose was to assess the usefulness of midazolam in patients undergoing minor oral surgery under conscious sedation. Materials and methods: Bispectral index was examined in 20 patients receiving oral minor surgery with conscious sedation supplemented with local anesthesia. All patients included were ASA I and had no contraindications to the study medications. The patients were escorted to the day surgery operation room where, before the commencement of the sedation and surgical procedures, routine monitoring was applied, including the noninvasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and 3-lead electrocardiogram (Electrocardiogram). Bispectral index electrodes were applied on the frontotemporal region after cleansing the skin with alcohol. Bispectral index was calculated with the Electrocardiogram monitor (A-2000; Aspect Co.). Midazolam was then titrated (initially 3mg wait 2min and 2mg). Vital sign and Bispectral index checked every 5 minute until the end of the procedure. The results were then compared. Results: The Bispectral index index values throughout the sedation study period alter many level. The index was dropped at 5 minutes after administration, but raised at injection and odontomy procedure. During the operation, mean Bispectral index index was higher than conscious sedation index range($60{\sim}80$). The amnesic effect was shown 17 cases out of 20 cases(85%). Conclusion: Conscious sedation technique using midazolma is a safe and effective method of controlling behavior in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.835-841
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• 2007

The followings are concluded from the treatment of headache in Hyungsang medicine, focussed on 11 kinds of headaches in Donguibogam. Headache is classified into overall headache and migraine according to the affected region. The causes are divided into exogenous affection and internal injury; The former brings on headache due to Wind-Cold and headache due to Damp-Heat. The latter, reversal headache, headache due to adverse rising of phlegm, headache due to regurgitation of Gi, headache due to excessive Heat, headache due to excessive Damp, true headache, and alcoholic headache. Headache due to internal injury generally tends to show deficiency syndrome with external affection. Headache due to exogenous affections is common to those who have big head or white skin and to Bangkwang type, and woman. The primary causes are Wind-Cold and Wind-Heat. When the body is observed in the perspective of eight phases, Damp-Heat is to be produced in the front, and Dry-Damp, in the back. Headache due to Damp-Heat is susceptible to Yangmyeong meridian type whose body develops more in the front and to woman. In the perspective of the upper and the lower, Yangdu(that is, head) is related to Eumdu(that is, glans of penis). Headache is also caused by the problems of Eumdu ,such as deficiency of Essence in man, pathologic change of uterus in women, and San syndrome in lower abdomen. In the case of man, headache is frequently severe and difficult to treat because head is a root for man. Disharmony of Gi and blood between the right and the left brings out migraine and headache due to regurgitation of Gi. Migraine is usually accompanied by symptoms of exogenous affection and often afflicts Gi-type, Shin-type, Soyang meridian type, deer type, and Dam-type. Headache due to regurgitation of Gi is brought by Gi deficiency or blood deficiency so that symptoms of exogenous affection do not show. It is mainly common with old people and those who have sunken eyes induced by deficiency of stomach Gi. In the perspective of the upper, the middle, and the lower, the pathologic change of head, chest and abdomen also bring about headache. The pathologic cause of head is Wind-Heat ,which triggers overall headache, migraine, headache due to Wind-Cold, headache due to excessive Heat, The pathogen of chest is phlegm-Fire and brings out headache due to Damp-Heat and headache due to adverse rising of phlegm. The pathologic factor in abdomen is Cold-Damp and produces headache due to adverse rising of phlegm and headache due to excessive Damp. In case of women, headache is generally caused by phlegm-Fire and retention of undigested food.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.11-26
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• 1993

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the pigment epithelial cell and the Bruch's membrane of the retina of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The heads of the rats, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, were exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80cm, and the. dose rate was 200 rads/min. The experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Under anesthesia, 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) was perfused through the left ventricle and ascending aorta. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) and 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. The morphological changes of the pigment epithelial cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. But on the 6th hour after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray, bulging nuclear membrane protruding into the cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin clumped into numerous masses along the nuclear membrane were observed. At the 2nd and 6th day post-irradiation, partial cytolysis or necrosis were seen. 2. The thickness of the Bruch's membrane of the experimental groups were increased in the time and dose range covered by this study, and splitting or diffusing basal laminae of the choriocapillary layer were observed frequently in the experimental group. Above results suggest that large amount(6,000 rads) of head irradiation induce direct hazardous effects on the pigment epitherial cells and Bruch's membrane of the retina of the rat, but pigment epithelial cells are more radioresistant than Bruch's membrane.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.486-492
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• 2013

Recently, a new disease showing symptoms such as epidermal exfoliation and muscular necrosis occurred in cultured Korean catfish. Although the mortality of fishes was low but the economic damages owing to loss of commercial value were severe. The authors isolated the causative agent from diseased fish and observed pathological changes both in naturally and artificially infected fish. The causative bacteria was identified as Aeromonas veronii. Subsequently we observed the daily death and pathological symptoms of artificially infected fish with Aeromonas veronii. Symptoms of artificially infected fish were similar to those of naturally infected fish and all fish died within 7 days after infection. Histopathological changes on the naturally infected fish revealed severe congestion and necrotic degeneration in the liver, spleen and kidney. Some bacterial aggregates with inflammatory degeneration were observed in the heart, and congestion and fibrosis in the lamina propria of digestive tube were predominant. In artificially infected fish, skin erosion and necrotic degeneration of muscle tissue around injected region were particularly manifested. Degeneration of hepatocytes in liver and hyalic degeneration around ellipsoids in spleen were partially observed. However, there were no predominant signs in digestive tube in artificially infected fish.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

Purpose: Gluteal perforator is easily identified in the gluteal region and gluteal perforator flap is a very versatile flap in sacral sore reconstruction. We obtained satisfying results using the gluteal perforator flap, so we report this clinical experiences with a review of the literature. Methods: Between November of 2003 and April 2006, the authors used 16 gluteal perforator flaps in 16 consecutive patients for coverage of sacral pressure sores. The mean age of the patients was 47.4 years (range, 14 to 78 years), and there were 9 male and 7 female patients. All flaps in the series were supplied by musculocutaneous arteries and its venae comitantes penetrating the gluteus maximus muscle and reaching the intrafascial and suprafascial planes, and the overlying skin forming a rich vascular plexus arising from gluteal muscles. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 11.5 months. Results: All flaps survived except one that had undergone total necrosis by patient's negligence. Wound dehiscence was observed in three patients and treated by secondary closure. There was no recurrence during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Gluteal perforator flaps allow safe and reliable options for coverage of sacral pressure sores with minimal donor site morbidity, and do not sacrifice the gluteus maximus muscle and rarely lead to post-operative complications. Freedom in flap design and easy-to perform make gluteal perforator flap an excellent choice for selected patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.396-399
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• 2010

Purpose: In hand injury, pedicle is usually damaged by avulsion injury or crushing injury. Because of postoperative pedicle obliteration, it is often hard to save the injured hand and fingers, even after successful replantation. The author introduces three cases of extensive hand injury, and successful results after applicatoin of multiple venous grafts to these patients. Methods: In all cases there was no circulation in any finger. In the first case, some vessels were extracted, so venous graft was applied to two sites of severely damaged venous sites. In the second case, venous grafts were applied to all four digital arteries of all fingers except thumb which got severely crushed, and two sites of dorsal veins. In the third case, venous graft was applied to all four digital arteries of all five fingers, and two sites of dorsal veins and palmar veins each. Results: In all cases, survival of hands and fingers was successful. In the second case, however, amputation in thumb and little finger at DIP joint level was inevitable, because of its severe damage, and the large dorsal defect on index finger was filled with DIEP free flap. Thumb was reconstructed with toe-to-thumb free flap, and additional debulking procedures and contracture release is furtherly needed. In the first case, additional surgery was done, as FDP tendon got re-ruptured, but in long term follow-up, satisfactory range of motion was attained. In the third case, FTSG on dorsal skin region was planned. as flap on dorsal area got partial necrosis. Conclusion: In hand injury, there are many structures to be repaired, but sometimes venous graft is avoided for its long operating time. Even though the length of damaged vessel is enough for anastomosis, the endothelium is often damaged (zone of injury). In extensive hand injury, successful reconstruction would be possible with active venous graft to all vessels suspicious for damage.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.559-564
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• 2009

Purpose: Surgical reconstruction of an ischial soft tissue defect presents a challenging problem owing to a high rate of recurrence, especially paraplegic patients. Although various muscle, musculocutaneous and fasciocuta - neous flaps have been used in the reconstruction of ischial soft tissue defect, it is still debated which type of flaps are the best. We had performed a relatively durable adductor magnus perforator island flap based on the perforators originated from the first medial branch of the profunda femoris artery for coverage of ischial soft tissue defect where was not a region universally reconstructed by perforator flap. Methods: From August 2005 until January 2008, the adductor magnus perforator island flap had been used for resurfacing of the ischial soft tissue defects in a series of 6 patients (4 male and 2 female). Ages ranged from 26 to 67 years (mean, 47.5 years), and follow - up period from 13 to 26 months (mean, 16.7 months). Causes were 4 pressure ulcers, 1 cellulitis and 1 suppurative keratinous cyst. Results: The sizes of these flaps ranged from 12 to 18 cm in length and 7 to 9 cm in width. The flaps survived in all patients. Marginal loss over the distal area of the flap by infection was noted in one patient, which was treated successfully with a subsequent split - thickness skin graft. Average thickness of the flap was 0.94 cm, which was more thicker than other perforator flaps. Long term follow - up showed a good flap durability. Conclusion: In planning a reconstructive option of ischial soft tissue defect, the adductor magnus perforator island flap is a relatively large cutaneous flap with a durable thickness. With proper patient selection, careful vascular dissection and postoperative management, we recommend this flap is a good and suitable option for coverage of the ischial soft tissue defect.

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.262-266
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• 2018

Even though the saps have been consumed as beverage in Korea, however a little research has been conducted on the chemical composition. We determined free sugars, mineral in the sap from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. collected from BongHwa region. The contents of glucose, sucrose, and fructose in the sap from J. mandshurica were 0.15, 2.73, and 0.09%, respectively. The prominent minerals in the sap from J. mandshurica were calcium and potassium. The contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Mn of sap from J. mandshurica were 0.61, 0.57, 0.12, 0.002, and 0.014 ppm, respectively. The sap from J. mandshurica show inhibitory effect on elastase. And real-time RT-PCR showed that sap from J. mandshurica increased mRNA level of AQP3 and HAS2 gene and increased hyaluronic acid production in HaCaT cells. These results indicated that the sap from J. mandshurica can potentially be used for developing cosmetic ingredient for skin moisturizing and anti-aging.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2020

As the global large-scale infrastructure construction market expands, the construction of civil engineering structures in extreme environments such as cold or hot regions is being planned or constructed. Accordingly, the construction of the pile foundation is essential to secure the bearing capacity of the upper structure, but there is a concern about loss of stability and function of the pile foundation due to the possibility of ground deformation in extreme cold and hot regions. Therefore, in this study, a new type of pile foundation is developed to respond with the deformation of the ground, and the ground deformation that can occur in extreme cold and hot region is largely divided into heaving and settlement. The new type of pile foundation is a form in which a cylinder capable of shrinkage and expansion is inserted inside the steel pipe pile, and the effect of the cylinder during the heaving and settlement process was analyzed numerically. As a result of the numerical analysis, the ground heaving caused excessive tensile stress of the pile, and the expansion condition of the cylinder shared the tensile stress acting on the pile and reduced the axial stress acting on the pile. Ground settlement increased the compressive stress of the pile due to the occurrence of negative skin friction. The cylinder must be positioned below the neutral point and behave in shrinkage for optimum efficiency. However, the amount and location of shrinkage and expansion of cylinder must comply with the allowable displacement range of the upper structure. It is judged that the design needs to be considered.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.475-486
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to provide the service marketing data for skincare shops through analyzing the impact of the quality of service of skincare shops on perceived values and revisit intents. For this study, 397 middle-aged women who visited and experienced the services of the skincare shops in Seoul and the Gyeonggi region were surveyed. The data from the said survey were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. The findings of this study were as follows; first, the formality, reliability, certainty, and empathy among the service factors of skincare shops had a significant impact on economic values, while trust, certainty, and empathy had an impact on emotional values. Second, the formality, reliability, and empathy had a significant impact on revisit intent for skincare shops. Third, among the perceived values on skincare shops, both economic and emotional values had a significant impact on the intent to revisit. Fourth, the perceived values were confirmed to have partial mediating effects in the relationship between the quality of service of skincare shops and revisit intent for each service quality type.