• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1067-1074
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• 1995

Reaction of arachno-S2B7H8- with either THF or 1,2-dimethoxyethane upon refluxing condition results in the formation of the previously known compound hypho-S2B7H10-. Protonation of hypho-S2B7H10- with HCl/Et2O generates hypho-2,5-S2B7H11 in good yield. This hypho-S2B7H10- anion has been employed to generate a series of new nido-, arachno-, and hypho-metalladithiaborane clusters. Reaction of the anion with Cp(CO)2FeCl results in direct metal insertion and the formation of a complex containing the general formula (η5-C5H5)FeS2B7H8. Spectroscopic studies of nido-6-CpFe-7,9-S2B7H8 Ⅰ demonstrated that compound Ⅰ was shown to have an nido-type cage geometry derived from an octadecahedron missing one vertex, with the iron atom occupying the three-coordinate 6-position in the cage and the two sulfurs occupying positions on the open face of the cage. Reaction of hypho-S2B7H10- with CoCl2/Li+[C5H5]- gave the previously known complex arachno-7-CpCo-6,8-S2B6H8 Ⅱ. Also, the reaction of the anion with [Cp*RhCl2]2 gave the complex arachno-7-Cp*Rh-6,8-S2B6H8 Ⅲ, the structure of which was shown to be that of complex Ⅱ. The similarity of the NMR spectra of Ⅱ and Ⅲ suggest that Ⅲ adopts cage structure similar to that previously confirmed for Ⅱ. A series of 9-vertex hypho clusters in which the sulfur atoms are bridged by different species isoelectronic with a BH3 unit, such as HMn(CO)4 or SiR2 have been prepared. Compounds Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ are each 2n+4 skeletal electron systems and would be expected according to skeletal electron counting theory to adopt hypho-type polyhedral structures derived from an icosahedron missing three vertices. The complex hypho-1-(CO)4Mn-2,5-S2B6H9 Ⅳ was obtained by the reaction of the anion with (CO)5MnBr and has been shown from spectroscopic data to consist of a (CO)4Mn fragment bound to the two sulfur atoms S2 and S5 of hypho-S2B7H10-. Also, similar hypho-type complexes hypho-1-R2Si-2,5-S2B6H8 (R=CH3 Ⅴ, R=C6H5 Ⅵ) have been prepared from the reaction of hypho-S2B7H10- with R2SiHCl.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2021

Far-infrared rays (FIR) are known to have various effects on atoms and molecular structures within cells owing to their radiation and vibration frequencies. The present study examined the effects of FIR on gene expression related to glucose transport through microarray analysis in rat skeletal muscle cells, as well as on mitochondrial biogenesis, at high and low glucose conditions. FIR were emitted from a bio-active material coated fabric (BMCF). L6 cells were treated with 30% BMCF for 24 h in medium containing 25 or 5.5 mM glucose, and changes in the expression of glucose transporter genes were determined. The expression of GLUT3 (Slc2a3) increased 2.0-fold (p < 0.05) under 5.5 mM glucose and 30% BMCF. In addition, mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential (ΔΨm) increased 1.5- and 3.4-fold (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively, but no significant change in expression of Pgc-1a, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was observed in 24 h. To analyze the relationship between GLUT3 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis under FIR, GLUT3 was down-modulated by siRNA for 72 h. As a result, the ΔΨm of the GLUT3 siRNA-treated cells increased 3.0-fold (p < 0.001), whereas that of the control group increased 4.6-fold (p < 0.001). Moreover, Pgc-1a expression increased upon 30% BMCF treatment for 72 h; an effect that was more pronounced in the presence of GLUT3. These results suggest that FIR may hold therapeutic potential for improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in metabolic diseases associated with insufficient glucose supply, such as type 2 diabetes.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 2006

Various methods have been used in the past to indirectly analyze the craniofacial region. Among these, the lateral and posterior-anterior cephalometircs are used for the evaluation of the dentofacial deformities. However, cephalometircs create inaccuracies because of the inherent enlargement and distortion of the image. The interpretation of cephalometric films is also problematic: the number of anatomic landmarks that can be identified accurately is limited, and the overlap of structures on a radiograph making locating these landmarks difficult. To overcome these problems, computed tomography(CT) has been recommended as an useful modality in the diagnosis, surgical planning, and follow-up of craniofacial anomalies. There is no significant enlargement or distortion of the image, overlap of structure, or tracing error. And the number of anatomic landmarks is vast. The purpose of this study was to examine the orbit and midfacial region using Occlusal Maxillary CT, consisted of slices parallel to the occlusal plane. Based on these CT scan, we provide the data that could be applied to monitor an individual patient's skeletal pattern and the guide to the maxillary osteotomy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.6 s.53
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• pp.665-674
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to investigate the cephalometric characteristics of the open-bite patients with DJD of TMJ. The DJD open-bite cases were compared with normal samples and Class II open-bite cases with normal TMJ respectively. Twenty three open-bite patients with bilateral DJD of TMJ($13.9\~35.3$ yens old, Group I) were selected from the Department of Orthodontics, SNUDH. Group ll consisted of thirteen Class II open-bite cases($13.2\~27.4$ years old) with no TMD signs/symtoms and good condylar shapes. Group III samples were the forty eight healthy dental students who have Class I molar relationships with no history of orthodontic treatment, good facial balance and no TMD symptoms($20.0\~26.8$ years old). First, sixty measurements in the lateral cephalometric radiographs and analysis of variance(P<0.05, Scheffe) were used to compare these three groups. The seven measurements showed significant difference(p<0.05) between Group I and Group II. After analysis of variance, six of them were used for the discriminant analysis(Wilks' stepwise analysis) and the discrminant function for Group I/Group II was obtained. The results and conclusions were as follows : In most of the measurments, Group I and Group II showed the same skeletal and dental characteristics. But seven of the sixty measurements(FH-PP angle, SNB, FH-ArGo angle, articulare angle, genial angle, upper gonial angle and Ar-Go length) were significantly different(p<0.05) between Group I and Group II. These differences may be explained by the fact that in DJD cases the mandible rotated backward due to the shortening of the ramus following the degenerative destruction of condylar head and its surrounding structures. The resulting discriminant function was : $D={-0.120X}_1+{0.066X}_2+{0.144X}_3-{0.058X}_4+2000,\;where\;X_1=ArGo\;length(mm),\;X_2=SArGo\;angle(degree),\;X_3=FH-PP\;angle(degree),\;X_4=Gonial\;angle(degree)$. Mean of the group centroids was -0.555 and percent of the 'grouped' cases correctly classified was $88.89\%$.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.157-220
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• 2006

This paper presents the first version of a Korean glossary of terms for structural developmental abnormalities in common laboratory animals, mainly rats, mice and rabbits. This is a translation of the glossary entitled Terminology and Developmental Abnormalities in Common Laboratory Mammals that was edited by the International Federation of Teratology Societies(IFTS) Committee on International Harmonization of Nomenclature in Developmental Toxicology. The purpose of the Korean glossary is to provide a common vocabulary that will reduce confusion and ambiguity in the description of developmental effects, particularly in submissions to regulatory agencies worldwide. The glossary contains a primary term or phrase, a definition of the abnormality, and notes, where appropriate. Selected synonyms or related terms, which reflect a similar or closely related concept, are noted. Non-preferred terms are indicated where their usage may be incorrect. Modifying terms used repeatedly in the glossary(e.g., absent, branched) are listed in Appendix A, and syndrome names are generally excluded from the glossary, but are listed separately in Appendix B. The glossary is organized into broad sections for external, visceral, and skeletal observations, then subdivided into regions, structures, or organs in a general overall head to tail sequence. Numbering is sequential, and not in any regional or hierarchical order, Uses and misuses of the glossary are discussed. Updates of the Korean glossary are planned based on the comments received.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2010

The purpose of this article was to evaluate the effects of a new upper molar distalization system, the Frog Appliance, on dentofacial structures in a Class II, division 1 patient. An 11-year-old girl was referred to our clinic for orthodontic treatment. She had a mild skeletal Class II malocclusion with Class II molar and canine relationship on both sides. The treatment plan included distalization of the upper first molars bilaterally followed by full fixed appliance therapy. For the upper molar distalization, a new system, the Frog Appliance, was constructed and applied. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to evaluate the treatment results. Distalization of the upper first molars was achieved in four months successfully, and Class I molar relationship was obtained. Total treatment time was 16 months. According to the results of the cephalometric evaluation, a nearly bodily distal molar movement with a slight anchorage loss was attained. In conclusion, the Frog Appliance was found to be a simple, ef ective, non-invasive, and compliance-free intraoral distalization appliance for achieving bilateral molar distalization.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.875-880
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• 2014

Adsorption of 4,4'-bis(mercaptomethyl)biphenyl (44BMBP) on silver nanoparticles has been investigated by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. In addition, the Raman spectra of 44BMBP in solid state and in basic condition have been obtained for comparative study to elicit the characteristics of adsorption. The observed Raman and SERS spectra were analyzed comparing with the normal modes and vibrational frequencies from density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed for the feasible structures of 44BMBP molecule. On the basis of excellent agreement between the calculated and the experimental results, the molecule is found to have both the cis- and trans-forms for the mercaptomethyl groups in the solid state as well as in the basic condition. In contrast, the molecule is found to be chemisorbed on the silver surface by forming two Ag-S linkages only in the cis-form but not in the trans-form due to the steric interruption, which indicates the parallel orientation of molecules on the surface. Particularly, the spectral features in the SERS spectra such as the absence of the C-H stretching band and enhancement for the out-of-plane skeletal modes are confirmatory for the parallel geometry through ${\pi}$ interaction between the phenyl rings and the metal surface, based on the electromagnetic surface selection rule.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.314-323
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• 2020

Objective: To identify the available evidence on the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with three-dimensional imaging and provide meta-analytic data from studies assessing the outcomes using computed tomography. Methods: Eleven electronic databases were searched, and prospective case series were selected. Two authors screened all titles and abstracts and assessed full texts of the remaining articles. Seventeen case series were included in the quantitative synthesis. Seven outcomes were investigated: nasal cavity width, maxillary basal bone width, alveolar buccal crest width, alveolar palatal crest width, inter-molar crown width, inter-molar root apex width, and buccopalatal molar inclination. The outcomes were investigated at two-time points: post-expansion (2-6 weeks) and post-retention (4-8 months). Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were used to summarize and combine the data. Results: All the investigated outcomes showed significant differences post-expansion (maxillary basal bone width, +2.46 mm; nasal cavity width, +1.95 mm; alveolar buccal crest width, +3.90 mm; alveolar palatal crest width, +3.09 mm; intermolar crown width, +5.69 mm; inter-molar root apex width, +2.85 mm; and dental tipping, +3.75°) and post-retention (maxillary basal bone width, +2.21 mm; nasal cavity width, +1.55 mm; alveolar buccal crest width, +3.57 mm; alveolar palatal crest width, +3.32 mm; inter-molar crown width, +5.43 mm; inter-molar root apex width, +4.75 mm; and dental tipping, 2.22°) compared to pre-expansion. Conclusions: After RME, skeletal expansion of the nasomaxillary complex was greater in most caudal structures. Maxillary basal bone showed 10% post-retention relapse. During retention period, uprighting of maxillary molars occurred.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.224-231
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone position after mandibular setback surgery with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) and to analyze the correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and the amount of change in pharyngeal airway space or hyoid bone position. Materials and Methods: From January 2010 to February 2013, a total of 30 patients who were diagnosed with skeletal class III malocclusion and underwent the same surgery (BSSRO) and fixation method in the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry at the Ajou University School of Medicine (Suwon, Korea) were included in this study. Lateral cephalograms of the 30 patients were assessed preoperatively (T1), immediately postoperatively (T2), and 6 months postoperatively (T3) to investigate the significance of changes by time and the correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and the amount of change in the airway space and hyoid bone position. Results: Three regions of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were measured and only the oropharynx showed a statistically significant decrease (P<0.01). A significant posterior and inferior displacement of the hyoid bone was found 6 months after surgery (P<0.01). Analysis of the correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and the amount of final change in the airway space and hyoid bone position with Pearson's correlation showed no significant correlation. Conclusion: In this study, the oropharynx significantly decreased after mandibular setback surgery, and changes in the surrounding structures were identified through posteroinferior movement of the hyoid bone during long-term follow-up. Therefore, postoperative obstructive sleep apnea should be considered in patients who plan to undergo mandibular setback surgery, and necessary modifications to the treatment plan should also be considered.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2008

Background : When surgeons plan mandible ortho surgery for patients with skeletal class III facial asymmetry, they must be consider the exact method of surgery for correction of the facial asymmetry. Three-dimensional (3D) CT imaging is efficient in depicting specific structures in the craniofacial area. It reproduces actual measurements by minimizing errors from patient movement and allows for image magnification. Due to the rapid development of digital image technology and the expansion of treatment range, rapid progress has been made in the study of three-dimensional facial skeleton analysis. The purpose of this study was to conduct 3D CT image comparisons of mandible changes after mandibular surgery in facial asymmetry patients. Materials & methods : This study included 7 patients who underwent 3D CT before and after correction of facial asymmetry in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Yeungnam University Hospital between August 2002 and November 2005. Patients included 2 males and 5 females, with ages ranging from 16 years to 30 years (average 21.4 years). Frontal CT images were obtained before and after surgery, and changes in mandible angle and length were measured. Results : When we compared the measurements obtained before and after mandibular surgery in facial asymmetry patients, correction of facial asymmetry was identified on the "after" images. The mean difference between the right and left mandibular angles before mandibular surgery was $7^{\circ}$, whereas after mandibular surgery it was $1.5^{\circ}$. The right and left mandibular length ratios subtracted from 1 was 0.114 before mandibular surgery, while it was 0.036 after mandibular surgery. The differences were analyzed using the nonparametric test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test (p<0.05). Conclusion: The system that has been developed produces an accurate three-dimensional representation of the skull, upon which individualized surgery of the skull and jaws is easily performed. The system also permits accurate measurement and monitoring of postsurgical changes to the face and jaws through reproducible and noninvasive means.