• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.209-216
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to verify the class I molar relationship in skeletal class II and class II molar relationship in skeletal clan I malocclusion with unilateral class II, division 1 malocclusion. The sample consisted of lateral cephalometric radiographs and upper and lower dental casts of 30 unilateral class II, division 1 malocclusion. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Skeletal class I malocclusion was $43\%$, and skeletal class II malocclusion was $57\%$ in 30 cases of unilateral class II, division 1 malocclusion. 2. In the skeletal class II with unilateral class II, division 1 malocclusion, mandibular first molar on the class I side showed more mesial migration than the opposite side. 3. In the skeletal class I with unilateral class II, division 1 malocclusion, maxillary first molar on the class II side showed more mesial migration than the opposite side. 4. Midline deviation of upper or lower dental arch was $90\%$ in 30 cases of unilateral class II, division 1 malocclusion.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.111-122
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• 1990

To investigate the relationship of skeletal maturity among the normal occlusion group and each malocclusion groups, the author used hand and wrist X-ray of 133 Korean 13 year old boys (normal occlusion 30, Class I malocclusion 35, Class II malocclusion 35 and Class III malocclusion 33) and assessed their skeletal maturity. In this study, fourteen skeletal maturity stages were selected from; Radius, Hamate, Pisiform, Ulnar sesamoid of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the first thumb, proximal phalanges of the first, second and third finger, middle and distal phalanx of the third finger. The difference of skeletal maturity of each malocclusion groups in relative to normal occlusion group and that of each malocclusion groups were analyzed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows: 1. Average skeletal maturity stage of each groups were MP3cap stage in normal occlusion group, H-2 stage in Class I malocclusion group, midstage between S and H-2 stage in Class II malocclusion group, MP3cap stage in Class III malocclusion group. 2. There was no significant difference in skeletal maturity of Class I malocclusion and Class III malocclusion groups in relative to normal occlusion group. 3. There was significant retardation of skeletal maturity in Class II malocclusion group in relative to normal occlusion group. 4. There was no significant difference in skeletal maturity between Class I and Class II malocclusion groups. 5. There was no significant difference in skeletal maturity between Class I and Class III malocclusion groups. 6. There was significant retardation of skeletal maturity in Class II malocclusion group in relative to Class III malocclusion group.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.123-133
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• 1990

The work was undertaken to evaluate the calcification of the second and the third molars in skeletal Class II and III malocclusions. The differences in the calcification stages between skeletal Class II and III malocclusion were evaluated and statistically analysed from panoramic radiographs of 202 males and females ranging in age from 11 to 15 years old. The results were as follows, 1. The calcification stages of the second and the third molars were not different between the skeletal Class II and III malocclusions in each age groups of both sexes. 2. The calcification stages of lower second and third molars of the skeletal Class III malocclusion are more advanced than those of the skeletal Class II malocclusion in male. 3. The clacification stages of upper second and third molars are more advanced than those of lower second and third molars in skeletal Class II malocclusion. 4. The calcification stages of lower second and third molars are more advanced than those of upper second and third molars in skeletal Class III malocclusion.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 1997

본 연구는 골격성 III급 부정교합자에서 상하악절치의 치성보상 양상과 골격형태 사이의 상관관계를 규명하기 위해 시행되었다. 정상교합자 59명, 미약한 골격성 III급 부정교합자 91명 그리고 심한 골격성 III급 부정교합자 58명을 연구대상으로 선정하였으며 특히 미약한 골격성 III급 부정교합자는 전치부 반대교합의 유무에 따라 반대교합이 없는 군과 반대교합군으로 세분하여 연구하였다. 측모두부방사선규격사진을 15개의 골격 형태 계측항목과 16개의 상하악절치 경사도 및 위치 계측항목으로 분석한 뒤 통계 처리하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 각 군의 상하악 전치부 치성보상 양상을 보면 II-B군에 비해 II-A군과 III군의 상악 중절치는 순측경사 되어 있으며 II-A군이 III군 보다 크게 순측경사 되어 있었다. 하악절치는 II-A군과 II-B군에 비해 III군이 설측경사 되었으며 II-A군과 II-B군의 차이는 없었다. 2. II-A군과 II-B군 사이의 수직적인 골격형태 차이는 크지 않았고 하악절치 보다는 상악절치 위치 및 경사도에서 큰 차이를 보였다. 3. II- A군의 하악절치와 II-B군의 상악절치 계측항목이 골격형태와 상관성이 높았으며 특히 하악절치 계측항목중에서는 ∠IMPA, ∠FMIA, 상악절치 계측항목중에서는 ∠U1-FH, ∠U1-SN이 높은 상관성을 보였다. 4. 하악절치 계측항목중 ∠IMPA, ∠FMIA는 모든 군에서 골격형태와 높은 상관성을 보였다. 상악절치 계측항목중에서는 ∠U1-SN, ∠U1-FH, U1-facial plane(mm)이 다른 계측 항목에 비해 상관성이 높았다.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제14권1_2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2011

Skeletal malocclusion is the result of abnormal dimension and alignment of each skeletal component. Understanding on these mechanisms may help to elucidate the etiology of skeletal malocclusion and to establish population-oriented treatment plans. Attempts to subdivide the Angle's classification have been performed for Class III malocclusion, while few studies have been conducted for Class II malocclusion despite recent growing interests in Class II malocclusion. 200 adults (88 male, 112 female) with skeletal Class II malocclusion were collected and subdivided using cluster analysis, using the measurements representing the dimension and the alignment of each facial skeletal component. The properties of each cluster was grouped within the subjects and a comparison between the subjects and the control group (38 male, 35 female) with normal occlusion was performed. Six clusters were finally recognized in each male and female groups. The clusters in both genders were mainly characterized by the cranial base alignment, dimension of the posterior cranial base, dimension of the mandibular ramus and the degree of mandibular rotation. The results implicate that active treatment of mandible rather than the nasomaxillary complex may be primarily considered for the correction of Korean Class II skeletal pattern.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 1980

This study was undertaken to compare the craniofacial morphology of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with that of normal occlusion in children, and to investigate the incidence of various Class II, Division 1 craniofacial skeletal patterns. The subjects consist of thirty seven boys and fifty three girls with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion, and forty six boys and eighty one girls 10-15 years with normal occlusion. Measurements were recorded, tabulated and analyzed on the lateral cephalograms by the degree of SNA, SNB and ANB. The following characteristics of the Class II, Division 1 skeletal pattern were observed. 1. The anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla to the cranium in the Class II, Division 1 was very similar to that of normal occlusion. 2, Mandible of the Class II, Division 1 malocclusion was in the posterior position in relation to the cranial anatomy when compared to normal. 3. The chin point as measured by SN Pog and NS Gn showed distal positioning in relation to normal occlusion. 4. SN to mandibular plane angle was large in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. 5. Mandibular incisor inclination was not significantly different between Class II, Division 1 malocclusion and normal occlusion, but maxillary incisors inclined and positioned labially and consequently overjet was large in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. 6. Class II, Division 1 malocclusion was divided into four types of craniofacial skeletal pattern. The most common Class II, Division 1 pattern was found to be type C in which SN-Mand. Pl. was above mean range of normal occlusion. The next frequent pattern was found to be type A in which maxilla and mandible were within normal range of protrusion while upper incisors were severly labially inclined.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제37권
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• pp.25.1-25.9
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• 2015

Background: During the orthognathic surgery, it is important to know the exact anatomical location of the mandibular foramen to achieve successful anesthesia of inferior alveolar nerve and to prevent damage to the nerves and vessels supplying the mandible. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to determine the location of the mandibular foramen in 100 patients: 30 patients with normal occlusion (13 men, 17 women), 40 patients with skeletal class II malocclusion (15 men, 25 women), 30 patients with skeletal class III malocclusion (17 men, 13 women). Results: The distance from the anterior border of the mandibular ramus to mandibular foramen did not differ significantly among the three groups, but in the group with skeletal class III malocclusion, this distance was an average of $1.43{\pm}1.95mm$ longer in the men than in the women (p < 0.05). In the skeletal class III malocclusion group, the mandibular foramen was higher than in the other two groups and was an average of $1.85{\pm}3.23mm$ higher in the men than in the women for all three groups combined (p < 0.05). The diameter of the ramus did not differ significantly among the three groups but was an average of $1.03{\pm}2.58mm$ wider in the men than in the women for all three groups combined (p < 0.05). In the skeletal class III malocclusion group, the ramus was longer than in the other groups and was an average of $7.9{\pm}3.66mm$ longer in the men than women. Conclusions: The location of the mandibular foramen was higher in the skeletal class III malocclusion group than in the other two groups, possibly because the ramus itself was longer in this group. This information should improve the success rate for inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia and decrease the complications that attend orthognathic surgery.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2014

이 논문의 목적은 골 성숙도와 치아의 성숙도를 골격적 부정교합에 따라 관련성을 알아보는 것이다. 6세에서 14세에 이르는 총 192명의 환자(89명의 남자, 103명의 여자)를 대상으로 하였으며 측모 두부 방사선 사진, 파노라마 방사선 사진, 수완부 방사선 사진을 사용하였고 심한 질환을 가진 경우는 제외하였다. 통계는 이분법, chi-square, logistic regression analysis, independent t-test를 사용하여 분석하였다. 견치, 제1대구치, 제2대구치의 석회화는 골 성숙도와 연관성(p < 0.05)을 보였고 또한 골 성숙도가 높은 경우, 여자어린이 일 경우가 11.43배 높았다(p < 0.001). class II 부정교합일 경우, 견치, 제1소구치, 제1대구치, 제2대구치의 치아 석회화 정도가 class III 부정교합자에 비해 높았다(p < 0.05). 치아의 석회화와 골 성숙도의 연관성은 높았으며 class II와 class III 부정교합환자의 치아의 성숙도는 치아에 따라 다른 성숙도를 보였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.241-255
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• 2002

교정치료의 목표는 좋은 안모 균형과 치열의 안정을 얻는 것이며 이를 위해서는 부정교합의 다양한 원인에 상응한 치료를 시행해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 성인 골격성 II급 부정교합자의 측모두부규격 방사선학적 특징을 조사하기 위하여 성인 정상교합자 140명(남 70명, 여 70명)과 성인 골격성 II급 부정교합자 120명(남 60명, 여 60명)의 측모두부규격 방사선사진을 촬영하였으며 계측결과를 바탕으로 골격 및 치아, 연조직 59개 항목을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 수직적 거리 계측치 및 고경 비율은 골격 분석에서는 정상교합군과 II급 부정교합군에서 차이가 없었으나 연조직 분석에서는 다소 차이를 보였다. 2. II급 부정교합군이 정상교합군에 비해 하악골 길이는 더 작았으며 더 후방에 위치하였다. 3. 상악골의 길이와 전후방적 위치는 II급 부정교합군과 정상교합군 간에 차이가 없었다. 4. 코, 상순, 상악 연조직 부위의 전후방적 위치와 Nasolabial angle은 정상교합군과 II급 부정교합군 간에 차이가 없었으며 하악 연조직의 전후방적 위치에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 5. 상하악 전치의 수직적 길이(U1-HP, L1-MP)는 II급 부정교합군이 정상교합군보다 더 컸으며 제1대구치에서는 두 군간 차이가 없었다. 6.상순에 대한 상악전치의 노출도(U1-Stms), 상악전치의 치축 각도(U1-HP)는 두 군간 차이가 없었으며 하악전치의 치축 각도(IMPA)는 II급 부정교합군이 정상교합군보다 더 컸다. 7. II급 부정 교합군의 안모 유형 분류에서, 상악골은 정상 위치 하고 하악골이 후방 위치하는 경우가 43.3%로 가장 많았으며, 상악골과 하악골이 모두 정상 위치하는 경우가 28.3%, 상악골과 하악골이 모두 후방 위치하는 경우는 20.0%였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Objective: Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults and to identify its correlation with skeletal malocclusion patterns. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 135 adult patients were used in this study and classified into groups according to four criteria: (1) sex (male and female); (2) sagittal skeletal discrepancy (Class I, Class II, and Class III); (3) vertical skeletal discrepancy (hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent); and age (group 1 ≤ 20 years, 21 ≤ group 2 < 30, and group 3 ≥ 30 years). The morphometrical variables were mandibular condyle height and width, and the morphological variable was the mandibular condyle shape in coronal and sagittal sections. Three-dimensional standard tessellation language files were created using itk-snap (open-source software), and measurements were performed using Meshmixer (open-source software). Results: The mandibular condyle height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with class III malocclusion than in those with class I or II malocclusion; the mandibular condyle width was not significantly different among different sexes, age groups, and sagittal and vertical malocclusions. There were no statistical associations between various mandibular condyle shapes and the sexes, age groups, and skeletal malocclusions. Conclusions: The condylar height was greatest in patients with class III malocclusion. The condylar height and width were greater among males than in females. The mandibular condyle shapes observed in sagittal and coronal sections did not affect the skeletal malocclusion patterns.