• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2023

We aimed (a) to investigate the associations between age, body mass index (BMI), and breast size with mammographic density based on the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) and volumetric breast density measurement (VBDM) with Volpara, (b) to evaluate the associations of age, BMI, and breast size with fibroglandular tissue volume (FGV), and (c) to demonstrate the association of mammographic density grade with FGV. From April 2012 to May 2012, 1,203 women consecutively underwent mammography, and their breast density was calculated using the density grade and volume determined by Volpara. In total, 427 women were included in this study. The BMI and breast size of the 427 women were determined. The associations between mammographic density and age, BMI, and bra cup size were assessed. In addition, the associations between FGV and age, BMI, bra cup size, and mammographic density were assessed. The mean age of the women was 51 years (range, 27-83). Age was associated with mammographic density based on BI-RADS (P<0.0001), and both age and BMI were associated with mammographic density based on Volpara (P<0.0001). The mean FGV significantly decreased as age increased (P<0.0001) and increased as BMI and bra cup size increased (P<0.0001 and P=0.0007, respectively). Age was associated with mammographic density, according to both the BI-RADS and VBDM; however, BMI was only associated with mammographic density based on the VBDM. Larger FGV was associated with younger age, higher BMI, larger bra cup size, and higher mammographic density

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

Big breasted women often experience dissatisfaction with ready-made brassieres, that do not account for individual breast types nor provide adequate cup sizes. This study was conducted to provide basic information on common breast shape and measurements of Korean big-breasted women, and to facilitate development of big-breasted women's bras with excellent fit and comfort. The study analyzed direct upper body measurements of 178 women in their 20's whith cup size C or bigger in the 5th, 6th and 7th Size Korea. In addition, 3D body scan data of women with bra size 75 and cup size C were re-collected and their breast types were examined. Average under-bust circumference of big-breasted women was 75 size in brassiere size. The average stature was 159.78 cm and the body weight was 60.33kg, indicating "overweight". Also, it was revealed that common breast types of big-breasted women, were hemispheric and cone types. The study can facilitate better understanding of breast shapes and sizes of standard big-breasted women, and will be useful as reference in selection of subjects in future studies.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.256-258
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• 2010

Purpose: Predicting the change in breast size for a specific patient's need is a challenging problem in breast augmentation. We intended to investigate the postaugmentation degree of breast size according to the size of cohesive silicone gel implant. Methods: To predict post-augmentation breast size, we measured 100 patients' pre-and postoperative 3 month's bust circumference. All patients were performed by total subfascial breast augmentation with moderate profile cohesive silicone gel implant through areolar omega (transareolar-perinipple) incision. Results: According to this study, each additional one pair of 100 mL in implant size yielded an approximate 1.5 cm increase in bust circumference (p=0.006). Conclusion: From this result, we conclude that each additional one pair of 100 mL in implant volume yielded about 1.5 cm increase in bust circumference. Although this result may not be applied to every patient, we believe that it yields a practical chart that can help to predict the amount of increase in breast size with the use of cohesive silicone gel implant of a specific size preoperatively.

• 복식
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• 제40권
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

It is necessary to research shape of the breast of girls at adolescence for developing well-fit brassiers. 313 participants reside in Chonju and Kunsan were gathered for body measurement. The conclusion of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) The Analysis of Body Shape by Measurement. Comparing Age GroupⅠ(aged 10 to 12)' measurement with Age GroupⅡ(aged 13 to 15)', Each items has statistical significance. Two groups differed in the length, girth, depth, width items. 2) Factor Analysis of Body Measurement (1) Age GroupⅠ'characteristics were categorized Three Factor : Breast size and breast apex length. Breast volume, Length of the Breast part. (2) Age GroupⅡ' characteristics consist of four factors, which are named as breast size and its jut (first factor), breast volume (second factor), contour of breast profile & its jut (third factor), shoulder length (fourth factor). 3) Characteristics of Breast Shape. (1) Breast shapes of Age GroupⅠ are classified into three types. Types 1 is a protruded and more voluminous shape. Type 2 is the most voluminous and breast fatness is highest. Type 3 is the smallest and flat shape growing now. (2) Breast shapes of Age GroupⅡ are also classified into three types. Type 1 is the longest in length and middle in fatness, voluminous in size. Type 2 is the smallest in stature and the slimmest in fatness in breast shape. Type 3 is middle in length, the fattest and the most voluminous in breast.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.170-178
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to develop a breastfeeding promotion program and to test effects of the program on levels of breast discomfort, breast size, sodium in breast milk, and type of feeding in mothers with breast engorgement following cesarean birth. Methods: A non-synchronized non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants were 70 postpartum mothers who were admitted to a postpartum care center and experienced breast engorgement following cesarean birth. The planned nursing intervention was the breastfeeding promotion program consisting of breast massage and 1:1 breastfeeding education, counseling, and support focusing on individualized problem solving provided for 10 days. Fifty-three women completed the program (experimental group 26, control group, 27). Measurements were level of breast discomfort, breast size, sodium in breast milk and type of feeding at pre and posttest. Results: Women who participated in the program experienced lower scores for breast discomfort, greater decrease in breast size, lower levels of sodium in breast milk, and practiced breastfeeding more than those in the control group. Conclusion: Results indicate that this breastfeeding promotion program is effective in reducing breast engorgement and improving breastfeeding practices, and is therefore recommended to enhance breastfeeding promotion practice in postpartum care centers.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to survey women′s poor breast shapes depending on their ages and breast types, and thereupon, analyze the differences and correlations among them, and thereby, provide for some basic data useful to the development of the comfortable brassiere which can serve to correct the poor breast. 1. As a result of categorizing the types of schematic breast sides, "type 1" was characterized by medium lower part, greatest pro trusion of breast itself, volumed upper part and visible breast outside, while "type 2" be characterized by medium lower part, most flatness, poor upper part, smallest outside size and medium outside, and "type 3" was characterized by least poor lower part, medium protrusion of breast, poor upper part, medium outside size , and "type 4" was characterized by poorest lower part, medium protrusion of breast, poor upper part, medium outside size and poorest outside. 2. The breast locations could be categorized depending on brest side types; "type 1" a higher location of breast than the other types, "type 2"had a lower location of breast except for the nipples thant the other types, "type 3" had the lowest location of breast and "type 4" had a comparatively low location of breast but had the highest nipples.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.422-427
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• 2009

Purpose: Breast cancer is second most common cancer in women. Almost of patients with breast cancer treated with mastectomy undergoes breast reconstruction. Nipple reconstruction is an important step in breast reconstruction. Many surgeons have investigated of nipple reconstruction using the flap technique after breast reconstruction with the autologous tissue. The objective of this study is to evaluate the results of nipple reconstruction using the C - V flap technique after breast reconstruction with the only breast expander. Methods: From April 2006 to May 2008, the authors treated 17 patients of nipple reconstruction using C - V flap technique, who were received breast reconstruction with the only breast expander. We have predicted decrease of the size of reconstructed nipple and designed flap a little larger than wanted nipple size. Nipple splint was applied for 4 - 6 months for minimizing decrease of the size of reconstructed nipple. The diameter and height of the reconstructed nipple were measured and patient's satisfaction score was assessed. Results: Mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months. Among the 17 patients, the average absorption rate by height of nipple was 47.0%. Partial necrosis was noted in 1 case, and treated well with conservative management. There was no other significant complications noted. Patient's satisfactory score was assessed by the height, design and location of the nipple. The average of satisfaction score was 85%, 68%, 62% and total average was 83%. Conclusion: The authors experienced 17 patients of nipple reconstruction using the C - V flap technique after breast reconstruction with the only breast expander. The absorption rate of the size of the nipple, complications and patient's satisfactory score of this study were similar to those of nipple reconstruction after breast reconstruction with the autologous tissue. It is expected that nipple reconstruction after breast reconstruction with the only breast expander is safe and reliable. It is considered that a long - term study is necessary.

• 복식
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.5-18
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to suggest size specifications for the development of mastectomy bras and breast prostheses. To collect anthropometric data, 250 middle aged women's body measurement were taken and the data were analyzed by statistical methods such as ANOVA, correlation analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results of the analysis of measurement data showed that lengths. breadths, depths, circumferences are increased significantly when getting older. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was no direct linear relationship between chest circumference and cup size. From 29 measurements, 4 factors were selected as key factors by the tractor analysis and the breast type were classified into 2 groups by cluster analysis. To set up sizing systems for the mastectomy brassiere, chest circumference and cup size were selected and the loss function was used to decide Intervals of each of them. 6 sizes from chest circumference and 4 sizes from cup sizes were picked, Breast breadth, breast length and breast height were chosen to establish sizing systems for the breast prosthesis. To decide intervals of each of them, the loss function was used and 8 sizes from composition of the 3 factors were picked.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2011

Purpose: Mastectomy is one of the operative procedures of female to male transsexuals. It is aimed to excise all of breast tissues and to reconstruct male chest wall, areola, and nipple. Breast sizes are varied by developmental status and their hormonal therapy. There are several approaches for mastectomy. This study is aimed to suggest appropriate mastectomy methods according to breast size in the female to male transgenders. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 46 patients of female to male transgenders. Breast size was categorized by their inner wear size. In A cup size, mastectomy was done with periareolar approach. In C cup size, inframammary fold approach subcutaneous mastectomy was performed. In B cup size, periareolar approach was used for grade A or B ptosis patient, and inframammary fold approach was choosen for the patient with grade C ptosis. Results: Subcutaneous mastectomy was done through semicircular periareolar approach for 26 patients. There were 2 cases of major complications that should be corrected by hematoma evacuation. Circumareolar approach was used for 5 patients, and a case of nipple-areolar complex necrosis was observed. Two cases of another complications which were irregularity of breast and wound disruption could be corrected. Inframammary fold approach was selected for 15 patients. There was a case of wound disruption, so revision surgery whould be done. Four cases of breast irregularity was corrected spontaneously, and 2 cases of partial necrosis of nipple-areolar complex were corrected with secondary healing. Patient satisfaction score for periareolar, cicumareolar, and inframmammary fold approach were 4.5, 4.2 and 4.1, respectively. Some major and minor complications were observed, but satisfactory results could be secured. Conclusion: Semicircular periareolar incision looked adequate for A cup size patient, circumareolar incision was suitable for B cup size with grade A or B ptosis. In B cup size with grade C ptosis patient and C cup patients, inframammary fold incision looked suitable for optimal results.

• 복식
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• 제53권7호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide information on how to improve the comfort and fit of womens swimsuits through analysis of the present wearing conditions and users complaints. In order to compile the information about dissatisfaction with the appropriateness of the fit of breast cap for swimsuits, a questionnaire was administered to 364 females (over 20 years old under 60 years old). The contents of the questionnaire consisted of questions such as the reasons for selecting to wear breast cap for swimsuits or not, size of brassiere and swimsuits, dissatisfaction with material, dissatisfaction with function of breast cap. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics value of frequencies and percentile value, mean, and so on by means of the SPSS WIN.10.0 program. The differences among age groups, body type groups by rohrer index, cup size and so on were compared using the chi-square test. Results of the survey responses about swimsuits breast caps: Most women have worn swimsuits with caps. According to the results, women who are older or overweight, or have larger breasts, or breasts which sag, as well as those who have had the experience of giving birth responded that they feel uncomfortable because of the slope of their breasts. Concerning complaints about the caps, 61% of respondents complained about the cap size and lack of correspondence with breast size, 56.8% expressed concern about the cap gap. There is significant difference in wearing reason of breast caps forswimsuits among age groups and many kinds of groups.