• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2023

The design theory for nanoporous filtration membranes needs to be established. The present study shows that the performance and technical advancement of nanoporous filtration membranes are determined by the fundamental parameter I (in the unit Watt^1/2) which is formulated as a function of the shear strength of the liquid-pore wall interface, the radius of the filtration pore, the membrane thickness, and the bulk dynamic viscosity of the flowing liquid. This parameter determines the critical power loss on a single filtration pore for initiating the wall slippage, which is important for the flux of the membrane. It also relates the membrane permeability to the power cost by the filtration pore. It is shown that for biological cellular membranes its values are on the scale 1.0E-8Watt^1/2, for mono-layer graphene membranes its values are on the scale 1.0E-9Watt^1/2, and for nanoporous membranes made of silica, silicon nitride or silicon carbonized its values are on the scale 1.0E-5Watt^1/2. The scale of the value of this parameter directly measures the level of the performance of a nanoporous filtration membrane. The carbon nanotube membrane has the similar performance with biological cellular membranes, as it also has the value of I on the scale 1.0E-8Watt^1/2.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

This paper deals with the free vibration behavior of rotating composite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under uniform thermal loads. The temperature-dependent beam material is assumed to be a mixture of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in an isotropic matrix and five different functionally graded (FG) distributions of CNTs are considered according to the variation along the thickness, namely the UD-uniform, FG-O, FG-V, FG-Λ and FG-X distributions where FG-V and FG-Λ are unsymmetrical patterns. Considering the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT), a new finite element formulation of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FGCNTRC) beam is created for the first time. And the effects of several essential parameters including rotational speed, hub radius, effective material properties, slenderness ratio, boundary conditions, thermal force and moments due to temperature variation are considered in the formulation. By implementing different boundary conditions, some new results of both symmetric and non-symmetrical distribution patterns are presented in tables and figures to be used as benchmark for further validation. In addition, as an alternative advanced composite application for rotating systems exposed to thermal load, the positive effects of CNT addition in improving the dynamic performance of the system have been observed and the results are presented in several tables and figures.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.768-780
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• 2023

The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has recently attracted considerable interest in various areas. A three-dimensional multiple-input multiple-output concentric two-hemisphere model is proposed to characterize the scattering environment around a vehicle in an urban UAV-to-vehicle communication scenario. Multipath components of the model consisted of lineof-sight and single-bounced components. This study focused on the key parameters that determine the scatterer distribution. A time-variant process was used to analyze the nonstationarity of the proposed model. Vital statistical properties, such as the space-time-frequency correlation function, Doppler power spectral density, level-crossing rate, average fade duration, and channel capacity, were derived and analyzed. The results indicated that with an increase in the maximum scatter radius, the time correlation and level-crossing rate decreased, the frequency correlation function had a faster downward trend, and average fade duration increased. In addition, with the increase of concentration parameter, the time correlation, space correlation, and level-crossing rate increased, average fade duration decreased, and Doppler power spectral density became flatter. The proposed model was compared with current geometry-based stochastic models (GBSMs) and showed good consistency. In addition, we verified the nonstationarity in the temporal and spatial domains of the proposed model. These conclusions can be used as references in the design of more reasonable communication systems.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.445-458
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• 2024

The objective of this paper is to present free vibration and static stability analyses of rotating composite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under uniform thermal loads. Beam structural equations and CNT-reinforced composite (CNTRC) beam formulations are derived based on Timoshenko beam theory (TBT). The temperature-dependent properties of the beam material, such as the elastic modulus, shear modulus, and material density, are assumed to vary over the thickness according to the rule of mixture. The beam material is modeled as a mixture of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in an isotropic matrix. The SWCNTs are aligned and distributed in the isotropic matrix with different patterns of reinforcement, namely the UD (uniform), FG-O, FG-V, FG- Λ and FG-X distributions, where FG-V and FG- Λ are asymmetric patterns. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effects of several essential parameters, including the rotational speed, hub radius, effective material properties, slenderness ratio, boundary conditions, thermal force, and moments due to temperature variation. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first attempt at the finite element modeling of rotating CNTRC Timoshenko beams under a thermal environment. The results are presented in tables and figures for both symmetric and asymmetric distribution patterns, and can be used as benchmarks for further validation.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2019

목 적: 움직이는 장기에 취약한 Pencil Beam Scanning(PBS)을 보완하기 위해 고안된 Layered Rescanning PBS 기법을 Moving Phantom에 적용하여 Single Scan PBS와 선량비교를 통해 Homogeneity를 비교해 본다. 대상 및 방법: Matrix X(IBA, Belgium)와 Moving Phantom(standard imaging, USA)을 이용하였다. 가상의 tumor $10{\times}10{\times}5cm$에 AP 방향에서 200 cGy의 선량을 조사하였다. 치료계획은 single scan PBS, rescan 4, 8, 12회 총 4가지로 하였고 각 치료계획별로 3번씩 반복 측정하였다. 측정 시 Moving Phantom의 호흡주기는 한 cycle당 4초로 설정 후 S-I 방향 움직임 2 cm으로 설정하였다. 추가로 beam on time을 측정하였다. 결 과: PTV 내에서 $D_{max}$의 평균값은 single scan, 4, 8, 12회 rescan 순서로 각각 $246.47{\pm}18.8cGy$, $223.43{\pm}8.92cGy$, $222.47{\pm}7.7cGy$, $213.9{\pm}6.11cGy$ $D_{min}$의 평균값은 각각 $165.53{\pm}4.32cGy$, $173.13{\pm}11.94cGy$, $184.13{\pm}8.04cGy$, $182.67{\pm}4.38cGy$으로 $D_{mean}$ $192.77{\pm}6.98cGy$, $196.7{\pm}4.01cGy$, $198.17{\pm}4.96cGy$, $195.77{\pm}3.15cGy$으로 측정되었다. 그리고 rescan 횟수가 늘어날수록 Homogeneity Index가 1에 가까워졌으며, beam on time은 평균 2분 15초, 3분 15초, 4분 30초, 5분 37초로 rescan 횟수가 증가할수록 치료시간이 증가되었다. 측정하는 과정에서 MU가 낮은 선량 layer에서는 설정한 rescan 횟수만큼 실제로 rescan하지 못하는 문제점이 발견되었다. 결 론: 장기 움직임이 있는 종양 치료 시 Layered Rescanning PBS을 적용했을 때 single scan PBS보다 균일한 선량분포를 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 rescan 횟수가 증가할수록 균일한 선량분포를 보였다. single scan PBS와 12회 Layered rescanning 비교 시 HI 수치가 0.32 향상되었다. 추후 연구를 통하여 호흡동조 방사선치료가 불가능환자에게 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.46-61
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• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin D nutritional status on bone mineral density of adults (21-49 years). To attain the aim, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) of the subjects at distal radius by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA). Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25-(OH)D) , known to be the best indicator of indicator of vitamin D status in humans was analyzed . The factors affecting this vitamin D level were also investigated in autumn in 122 young adults. Serum level of 25-(OH)D was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC) and biochemical variables, general health status, time spent outdoors, and dietary intakes of the subjects. BMD of the male subjects was significantly greater than that of female subjects. Weight, activity and total energy expediture (TEE) showed a positive correlation with distal BMD. The mean level of serum 25-(OH)D was 24.4$\pm$11.0 ng./ml and by sex, 26.0$\pm$6.8ng/ml for males and 23.3$\pm$12.3ng/ml for females , the level was significantly higher in male (p<0.01). there was significant correlation between BMD at distal-radius and s-25(OH)D levels (p<0.001). The serum level fo parathyroid hormone (PTH) showed a negative correlation with BMD(p<0.05), with the more obvious correlation in females. Vitamin D intake was estimated to be 3.75$\pm$2.19ug/day in average. Among the nutrients studied, protein ,fat, calcium , and vitamin D intake were positively correlated with distal BMD. When food frequencies were concerned , milk and dairy products showed a significant positive correlation with the BMD level, and driedfoods, eggs , fats and oils, and cereals also showed a positive correlation. Time spent outdoors was estimated to be about 70 minutes in average and positively correlated with the distal BMD level(p<0.01). During the day, the specific time between 12 :00pm and 2:00pm showed the most significant correlation with BMD (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis with the variables showed that distal BMD could be fit 31.9% by the time spent outdoors a day, intake of Ca and vitamin D, and TEE. The standardized estimates were 0.344 for vitamin D intake, 0.284 for Ca intake 0.179 for the time spent outdoors a day and 0.273 for TEE. For males, s-25*OH)D level, TEE and time spent outdoors during a day showed a significant correlation. For females, intake of Ca and vitamin D could fit about 27.1% of the distal BMD.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 상용화되는 AlN 웨이퍼(wafer)를 이용하여 molten KOH/NaOH 화학적 습식 에칭(Wet Chemical Etching)에 따른 표면변화 특성 및 최적의 에칭 조건을 조사하였다. AlN 웨이퍼를 $350^{\circ}C$에서 5분간 에칭 시 Al-face, N-face는 서로 다른 관찰되었다. 특히, Al-face는 에치핏의 형상을 파악하여 결함특성을 관찰하였고, 이로부터 결함 밀도를 계산하여 $2{\times}10^6/cm^2{\sim}10^{10}/cm^2$의 결과를 얻었다. N-face의 경우 육각 뿔(hexagonal pyramids) 형태의 격자결함이 형성되었다. 또한 AlN 웨이퍼의 성장 시 배향을 관찰하기 위해 XRD(X-Ray Diffraction, Rigaku, JAPAN)를 이용하여 분석한 결과 육방정 AlN의 C축 방향에 해당되는 (0002) 및 (0004) 면으로 배향된 상태임을 알 수 있었고, DC-XRD(Double Crystal X-ray Diffraction, bruker, Germany)를 이용하여 rocking curve의 위치에 따라 곡률 반경을 측정했을 때 1.6~17 m의 곡률을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2008년도 공동학술대회
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• pp.97-100
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• 2008

일본 후지산은 역사적, 지질학적, 그리고 최근의 지진학적 징후로부터 화산활동의 재개에 의한 재해가능성이 있어 화산감시연구가 집중되고 있다. 후지산 감시활동의 일환으로 축적된 방대한 주변지역 지진자료를 바탕으로 단일산란모델에 의한 코다감쇠상수($Q_c^{-1}$)와 다중시간창분석에 의한 고유 및 산란감쇠상수 ($Q_i^{-1}$, $Q_s^{-1}$)를 측정하였다. 본 연구는 후지산 아래에 존재하는 것으로 여겨지고 있는 용암체의 감쇠구조에 초점을 맞추기 위해 정상에서 반경 5km 이내의 지대를 지진파가 통과하는 '후지산 근방', 지진파 통과지역이 모두 반경 20 km 바깥인 '먼 후지산'으로 자료를 분류하였다. 본 연구는 자료가 풍부하여 비교적 작은 오차범위를 나타내고 있는데, '후지산 근방'의 모든 감쇠상수 수 $Q^{-1}$는 '먼 후지산'에 비해 컸으며, 두 지대 공히 고주파 영역에서의 $Q_i^{-1}$값은 $Q_s^{-1}$ 값에 비해 높은 값이었다. 그러나, '후지산 근방'의 $Q_i^{-1}$ 값은 다른 화산지역에 비해 낮았는데, 이는 하와이화산과 같은 활동적인 화산에 비해 용융도의 비율이 낮거나 마그마활동이 덜한 것으로 해석된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.1177-1189
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• 1994

본 논문은 충적하천에서 수로의 양상조건에 따른 유사 및 흐름특성을 해석함으로써 수로의 변이를 예측할 수 있는 수치모형을 개발하기 위한 연구이다. 하천의 흐름은 하상 및 제방재료 특성과의 상호작용에 의해 복잡한 관계를 이루면서 수로변이를 통하여 형태학적으로 안정적인 형상을 유지하고 흐르기 때문에 대부분의 경우 직선형수로는 드물고 사행 또는 망류상을 이루고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수로변이를 모의할 수 있는 모형을 개발하기 위해 수로중심선 곡률반경 $r_c$값의 양과 음의 부호수에 따라 수로를 구분 즉, $r_c$의 양 또는 음의 값이 하나 만으로 이루어진 단만곡수로(single-bend channel)와 양과 음이 둘 이상의 값을 갖는 복만곡수로(multi-bend channel)로 구분하여 이들 수로에서의 편수위상승, 나선운동, 하상 및 수심평균유속의 불규칙 현상의 영향에 의한 유사이동과 흐름특성을 해석한다. 단만곡수로는 타 _모형의 실험자료와 복만곡수로는 금강의 매포수위관측소를 시점으로하는 연구구간에서 실측치 현장자료와 비교분석함으로써 본 모형의 적용성을 검증하였으며, 그 결과는 대체로 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정성장학회 1997년도 Proceedings of the 12th KACG Technical Meeting and the 4th Korea-Japan EMGS (Electronic Materials Growth Symposium)
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• pp.197-201
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• 1997

The momentum, heat and mass trasfer phenomena in the silicon melt of the Czochralki crystal growth system are calculated using a three dimensional numerical simulation thechnique. Even though axisymmetrical boundary conditions are imposed to all calculations in a 3cm diameter crucible, several types of non-axisymmetric profiles of velocities, temperature and oxygen concentration appeared in the melt. Because of the non-axisymmetric profiles of velocities, temperature and oxygen concentration appeared in the melt. Because of the non-axisymmetric profiles and rotations of fluid induced by the crucible rotation, temperatures and oxygen concentrations in the silicon melt fluctuate. The rotating velocity of the profile is calculated from the phase shift of the data of temperature or oxygen at two different points which have same radius from center but 90 degree angular difference. From this calculation, it is found that the rotating veolocity of the oxygen and temperature is different from the crucible rotation rates. Therefore the frequencies of the oscillating temperature and oxygen concentrations are not same to the frequencies of the crucible rotations. Futhermore, the components of the frequencies of the temperature and oxygen concentration at the same point are not same. The fluctuation behaviors of the temperature or oxygen themselves are also different when the points are different. The calculation show that the temperature and the oxygen concentration near the interface also fluctuate. The results suggest that the striation pattern found in the grown silicon single crystals may ben generated by the oxygen concentration and the temperature oscillations of the melt occurred near the interface.