• Wind and Structures
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.443-454
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• 2005

Wind loading is very important, even dominant in some cases, to large-span single-layer reticulated shells. At present, usually equivalent static methods based on quasi-steady assumption, as the same as the wind-resistant design of low-rise buildings, are used in the structural design. However, it is not easy to estimate a suitable equivalent static wind load so that the effects of fluctuating component of wind on the structural behaviors, especially on structural stability, can be well considered. In this paper, the effects of fluctuating component of wind load on the stability of a single-layer reticulated spherical shell model are investigated based on wind pressure distribution measured simultaneously in the wind tunnel. Several methods used to estimate the equivalent static wind load distribution for equivalent static wind-resistant design are reviewed. A new simple method from the stability point of view is presented to estimate the most unfavorable wind load distribution considering the effects of fluctuating component on the stability of shells. Finally, with comparisive analyses using different methods, the efficiency of the presented method for wind-resistant analysis of single-layer reticulated shells is established.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2003

최근 NATM 터널 현장타설 콘크리트 라이닝의 시공성 향상과 균열에 따른 유지관리비 절감을 위해 양질 암반의 배수형 터널 시공에 있어서는 숏크리트만으로 라이닝을 대체하려는 영구지보 개념의 터널시공 (Single-Shell Tunnel, NMT 등)이 세계적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 영구지보 개념의 터널 시공을 위해서는 고성능 숏크리트의 개발이 선결되어야 하며, 이러한 목적에서 본 논문에서는 조강시멘트와 최근 주목받고 있는 환경친화적인 alkali-free 급결제의 조합을 통해 고성능 숏크리트의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 보통시멘트(OPC)를 사용한 숏크리트보다 약 25%의 높은 초기강도를 확보하였으며, 용수부에서도 뛰어난 부착특성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.695-702
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• 2002

Shotcrete (or Sprayed concrete) has been used as an important support material in New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). Since the mid of 1990, permanent shotcrete tunnel linings such as Single-shell, NMT (Norwegian Method of Tunnelling) has been constructed in many countries for reducing the construction time and lowing construction costs instead of conventional in-situ concrete linings. Among essential technologies for successful application of permanent shotcrcte linings, high performance shotcrete providing high strength, high durability, better pumpability has to be developed in advance as an integral component. This paper presents the Ideas and first experimental attempts to increase early strength and bond strength of wet-mixed Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete(SFRS) in sump water condition. In order to increase early strength, a new approach using high-early strength cement with liquid alkali-free accelerator has been investigated From the results, wet-mix SFRS with high-early strength cement and alkali-free accelerator exhibited excellent early strength improvement compared to the ordinary portland content and good bond strength even under sump water condition.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.609-617
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• 2003

The use of Shotcrete(Sprayed concrete) for the support of underground excavations was pioneered by the Civil engineering industry. Permanent shotcrete tunnel linings such as Single-shell, NMT(Norwegian Method of Tunnelling) have been constructed in many countries for reducing construction time and lowering construction costs instead of conventional in-situ concrete linings. Among essential technologies for successful application of Permanent Shotcrete Linings, high performance shotcrete having high strength, high durability, better pumpability has to be developed in advance. This paper presents the ideas and the first field test results of wet-mixed Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete(SFRS) with powder types cement mineral accelerator. From the results, wet-mix SFRS with powdered accelerator exhibited good early strength improvement and less rebound ratio compared to the ordinary accelerator.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.449-468
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• 2015

Current wind-resistance designs of large-scale indirect dry cooling towers (IDCTs) exclude an important factor: the influence of the ventilation rate for radiator shutter on wind loads on the outer surfaces of the tower shell. More seemingly overlooked aspects are the effects of various ventilation rates on the wind pressure distribution on the tower surfaces of two IDCTs, and the feature of the flow field around them. In order to investigate the effects of the radiator shutter ventilation rates on the aerodynamic interference between IDCTs, this paper established the numerical wind tunnel model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) technology, and analyzed the influences of various radiator shutter ventilation rates on the aerodynamic loads acting upon a single and two extra-large IDCTs during building, installation, and operation stages. Through the comparison with the results of physical wind tunnel test and different design codes, the results indicated that: the influence of the ventilation rate on the flow field and shape coefficients on the outer surface of a single IDCT is weak, and the curve of mean shape coefficients is close to the reference curve provided by the current design code. In a two-tower combination, the ventilation rate significantly affects the downwind surface of the front tower and the upwind surface of the back tower, and the larger positive pressure shifts down along the upwind surface of the back tower as the ventilation rate increases. The ventilation rate significantly influences the drag force coefficient of the back tower in a two-tower combination, the drag force coefficient increases with the ventilation rate and reaches the maximum in a building status of full ventilation, and the maximum drag coefficient is 11% greater than that with complete closure.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

The test blasts were carried out by detonating some single blastholes at two upper sites of the underground storage cavern for the crude oil. One was performed at the entrance site of the construction tunnel and the other at the middle area of the underground storage cavern. Based on the blast-induced nitration measured by the test blasts, we suggested the propagation equations of blasting vibration that were capable of estimating the peak particle velocity. In addition, in order to assess the stability of the adjacent ground storage tank, we did the frequency analysis and the response spectrum analysis with the particle velocity-time history and the particle acceleration-time history that were measured by the test blast carried out on the entrance site of the construction tunnel. In result, it was predicted that the displacement on the highest part of the tank shell was less than the allowable displacement.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.479-484
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• 2005

The test blasts were carried out by detonating some single blastholes at two upper sites of the underground storage cavern the crude oil. One was performed at the entrance site of the construction tunnel and the other at the middle part of the underground storage cavern. Based on the blast-induced vibration measured by the test blasts, we suggested the propagation equations of blasting vibration that were capable of estimating the peak particle velocity. In addition, in order to assess the stability of the nearest ground storage tank, we did the frequency analysis and the response spectrum analysis with the particle velocity-time history and the particle acceleration-time history that were measured by the test blast carried out on the entrance site of the construction tunnel. In result, it was predicted that the displacement on the highest part of the tank shell was less than the allowable displacement.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.675-683
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• 2015

주방식 지하구조물은 주방식 채광법의 개념을 이용한 지하구조물 건설 방법이다. 주방식 공법에서 배수는 터널의 싱글쉘 개념과 유사하며, 주방식 지하구조의 장기적인 안정화를 위해서 복공 뒷면의 지하수를 배수하여 지하수위를 사전 저감시키는 방식이 유효하다. 그러나 배수공에 의한 지하수위 저감 방식은 지하 굴착시 굴착면에 지하수압이 작용하지 않거나 발생 용수량이 크지 않다면 배수공은 필요치 않게 된다. 본 연구에서는 지하 굴착시 발생용수량에 따른 배수공 적용 유무를 검토하여 주방식 지하구조에서 배수공 적용 유무를 판단하는 기준을 제안하고자 하며, 배수공 적용이 불필요한 구간에 대해서는 숏크리트를 통한 유도 배수시스템을 제안하고자 한다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.237-247
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• 2006

터널의 장기 내구성을 향상시키고 싱글쉘 터널공법을 적용하기 위해서는 고성능 숏크리트 라이닝의 사용이 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 숏크리트에 적용되는 혼화재료 가운데, 실리카 흄과 같은 포졸란 재료들이 숏크리트의 강도와 내구성을 향상시키는데 주된 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 또한 시멘트 광물계 급결제는 기존 급결제와 비교하여 응결이 빠르며 친환경적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 포졸란 재료인 메타카올린과 칼슘 알루미네이트 시멘트 광물계 급결제를 적용하여 습식 숏크리트의 성능을 향상시키는데 목표를 두었다. 메타카올린과 실리카 흄의 적용에 따른 성능을 비교하기 위하여 각각의 사용량을 시멘트 중량의 4%와 8%로 적용하였다. 또한 메타카올린과 실리카 흄을 시멘트 중량의4% 및 8%로 병용 혼입한 경우에 대해서도 검토하였다. 각 배합조건에 대해 배합된 숏크리트의 응결시간, 압축강도, 휨강도, 투수성 및 동결융해저항성을 측정한 결과, 숏크리트의 고성능화를 위해 실리카 흄의 대체 재료로서 메타카올린을 적용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

1980년 초 서울지하철 건설공사를 계기로 국내의 터널공사에 NATM(New Austrian Tunnelling Method)공법이 적용되고 있다. 하지만, 주지보재의 하나인 숏크리트 기술은 NATM공법이 국내에 들어온 초기의 기술력을 아직 답습하고 있는 상태로 다량의 리바운드가 발생하고, 노즐맨의 경험이나 기량등에 의존하는 경우가 많아 비용절감 및 시공능률 향상을 위한 개선이 절실히 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 숏크리트 품질확보에 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 급결제(Accelerator)를 주변수로 강섬유보강 숏크리트(SFRS)에 대한 모형시험을 실시하여 고품질 숏크리트에의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 모형시험(압축강도, 휨강도, 휨인성)결과, Alkali-free 액상급결제를 사용한 숏크리트를 통해 고강도 발현을 위한 고가의 혼화재를 사용하지 않고서도 고품질의 고강도 숏크리트 개발 가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며, Single-Shell Lining 터널 등 Permanent Shotcrete Lining이라는 새로운 개념의 터널 지보시스템 구축을 위한 요소기술로 그 적용이 확대될 것으로 판단된다.