• 사회경제평론
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.105-126
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• 2018

In this paper, I makes some critical comments on the temporal single-system interpretation (TSSI) of Marxian value theory. The first concerns the claim that the Fundamental Marxian Theorem (FMT) holds within the TSSI under completely general conditions. Based on the idea that the nominal profit does not well fit the FMT, the TSSI proponents suggest that more relevant for proving the TSSI FMT is the real profit, defined by deflating the output prices. In contrast, I propose a more general approach where three possible concepts of profit are all considered, in which case the result is that whether the FMT holds within the TSSI is indeterminate. Second, the refutation of the Okishio theorem presented in Kliman (1996) is critically examined, focusing on the criticism raised in the literature that the Kliman model ignores the cost-reduction criterion as for the technical change and therefore cannot be considered as an internal refutation of the Okishio theorem. Drawing upon the criticism, I explicitly incorporate the cost-reduction criterion into the Kliman model and show that the continuous labor-saving technical change of the Kliman model is not necessarily cost-reducing and under certain conditions is cost-neutral or cost-raising.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 1996

The reflection spectrum of a $2H-PbI_2$ single crystal grown by vapour phase method were measured at 10 K near the fundamental absorption edge. The n= 1,2,3 Wannier exciton series and $A_{EP}$ reflection line were obtained from the reflection spectrum. Based on the 2nd phonon energy in the Raman spectrum, which is different from Nagamune's report, we suggest that $A_{EP}$ line is due to the bound state between the n=2 exciton and the 2nd phonon which surmise that this is LO phnon due to the second Raman process. The L-T splitting energy of n=1 exciton line was 6.56 meV and was consistent with the emission spectrum. The temperature dependence of the reflection spectrum showed that n=1 exciton peak was shifted to longer wavelength while, as the temperatre is raised, the sharpness of that with the increase of the L-T splitting energy decrease. From Wannier exiton series, the exciton binding energy and exciton radius was 30 meV and 14$\AA$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 1999

Vibrio are become prevailing if superficial temperature of ocean is raised and their activities of area are expanded and most of ocean creatures(fishes, oysters etc) are polluted with vibrio. The one who has taken these poluted fishes and aysters uncooked caused foodpoisoning and diarrhea from Vibrio. Frequencies of these diseases breakout is disposed in westsea shore of Korea. According to ancient and traditional Korean medical book -${\ulcorner}$Bangyak Happyeon${\lrcorner}$(Collection of Local Medicines, 1884) - and their single prescribes, we carried out experiment check the activities of natural medicinal effects on Vibrio parahemolyticus. The prescriptions of trial materials are processed from extraction boiling water and 80% methanol and followed freeze dried and adsorbed to every discs in dosage of 10mg. Gentamycin of 10mg were used for control. The result of compound prescription displayed special diseases in antimicrobial activities of boiling water and MeOH extraction compared with control. In compound prescription, extraction MeOH of Sashinhwan(clear zone : 17mm) presented extraordinaire antimicrobial activity. In single prescription, extraction of boiling water(clear zone : 16mm) and MeOH(clear zone : 18mm) of Fructus Chebulae presented extraordinaire antimicrobial activity. The MBC of Fructus Chebulae extracts was expressed in boiling water(1.28mg/ml) and MeOH(0.64mg/ml).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.397-409
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to identify customer expectation, perception and satisfaction of foodservice quality to analyze the influencing factors on foodservice quality and finally to provide basic information for the improvement of foodservice quality. A survey of 4 factory foodservices was undertaken and detailed information was collected from 675 respondents. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS package program for descriptive analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVA. Male had higher scores than female in perceptions of foods and services, and the differences were statistically significant. As analysis of expectation, perception and satisfaction result of age, expectation and perception were statistically significant, and mostly expectation and perception increased according as age increased. Expectation and perception showed statistical differences by marital status. Married people had higher scores in expectation and perception of food and service than single. According to family type, respondents living alone showed lower scores in expectation and perception of food and service than those living with family or relatives. Conversely, living alone had high expectation on service. As analysis of work type, office workers showed higher scores of service expectation, food and service perception than production workers. As education level increased, food and service expectation and perception increased mostly. As analysis of work post, food and service expectation and perception increased as work post raised. Meanwhile, married people had higher scores in service quality of satisfaction than single. Result of the study can be summarized as follows the analysis of expectation, perception and satisfaction of foodservice quality, the Quadrant of food and service quality expectation and perception according to demographic variables. Expectation, perception and satisfaction scores of foodservice attributes according to work type. The distribution of attributes with satisfyingly significant difference in grid.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2006

The basic effects of hydrogen addition for engine performance and emission were investigated in single cylinder research engine. Seven commercial injectors were tested to choose a suitable injector for hydrogen injection prior to its engine implementation. The hydrogen fuel leakage and flow rate were evaluated for each injector and KN3-1(Keihin, CO.) showed the best performance for hydrogen fuel. At the higher excess air ratio(${\lambda}=1.7$, 2.0), the better combustion stability was found with hydrogen addition even though its effect was small at lower excess air ratio (${\lambda}=1.0$, 1.3). Stable operation of the engine was even guaranteed at ${\lambda}=2.0$, if the amount of hydrogen gas was near 15% of total energy. In the lean region, ${\lambda}>1.3$, thermal efficiency was improved slightly while it was not clearly observed at ${\lambda}=1.0$, 1.3. It is considered that, in some cases, high temperature environment due to hydrogen combustion caused further heat loss to surroundings. Except for ${\lambda}=1.0$, with larger amount of hydrogen addition, CO was reduced drastically but it was emitted more at the leaner region. Nitric oxides(NOx) was increased a little more with hydrogen addition at ${\lambda}=1.0$, 1.3. However, at ${\lambda}>1.3$ its relative amount of emission was low. In addition, the amount of NOx was continuously decreased with hydrogen addition, but, at ${\lambda}=2.0$ the amount of NOx was lowered to 1/100 of that of ${\lambda}=1.0$. THC emission was significantly increased as air/fuel ratio was raised to leaner region due to misfire and partial burn.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.11C
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• pp.1106-1112
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• 2009

The SC-FDMA(single carrier-frequency division multiple access) was recently adopted as the uplink multiple access scheme from 3GPP LTE(3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Tenn Evolution) due to its low PAPR (Peak-to-averaged power ratio). The bandwidth of IFDMA(interleaved FDMA), one of the sub-carrier mapping methods of SC-FDMA, gets narrower as the roll-off factor of RRC(root raised cosine) filter decreases from 1 to 0, whereas its PAPR can increase significantly. In practice, to increase the power efficiency of an amplifier, signals with high PAPR undergo the process of clipping. Clipping of signals may cause regeneration of high-frequency components as well as distortion of signals. The current paper deals with the effect of clipping on the spectrum and BER of IFDMA signals with RRC filters.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.402-408
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Effect of various light wavelength and plant defense molecules were evaluated on the hardness and the contents of free amino acid including ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in soybean sprouts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Germinating soybean seeds were treated with various single wavelength of light (380, 440, 470, and 660 nm) or without light at $25^{\circ}C$ for six days. Soybean seeds were also treated with stress-signaling molecule ethephon or $H_2O_2$ at the same time. Soybean sprouts treated with 470 nm substantially raised the hardness almost two times than the control. The free amino acid contents were higher in 470 nm and $H_2O_2$ treated soybean seeds than the control. Nutritionally beneficial GABA contents were increased by the treatments of 470 nm, 440 nm, ethephon, and $H_2O_2$. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the hardness and the contents of amino acids can be regulated by stimuli, which stimuli could be composed of various wavelength and plant defense molecules. Especially, single wavelength 470 nm illumination has the effect of increasing GABA contents with increased hardness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.485-493
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• 2019

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic characteristics of Berkshire (BS), Landrace (LR), and Yorkshire (YS) pig breeds raised in the Great Grandparents pig farms using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) information. Methods: A total of 25,921 common SNP genotype markers in three pig breeds were used to estimate the expected heterozygosity ($H_E$), polymorphism information content, F-statistics ($F_{ST}$), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size ($N_e$). Results: The chromosome-wise distribution of $F_{ST}$ in BS, LR, and YS populations were within the range of 0-0.36, and the average $F_{ST}$ value was estimated to be $0.07{\pm}0.06$. This result indicated some level of genetic segregation. An average LD ($r^2$) for the BS, LR, and YS breeds was estimated to be approximately 0.41. This study also found an average $N_e$ of 19.9 (BS), 31.4 (LR), and 34.1 (YS) over the last 5th generations. The effective population size for the BS, LR, and YS breeds decreased at a consistent rate from 50th to 10th generations ago. With a relatively faster $N_e$ decline rate in the past 10th generations, there exists possible evidence for intensive selection practices in pigs in the recent past. Conclusion: To develop customized chips for the genomic selection of various breeds, it is important to select and utilize SNP based on the genetic characteristics of each breed. Since the improvement efficiency of breed pigs increases sharply by the population size, it is important to increase test units for the improvement and it is desirable to establish the pig improvement network system to expand the unit of breed pig improvement through the genetic connection among breed pig farms.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

In Korea, it is also mandatory for most buildings to receive energy efficiency rating certification from 2020 for the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and expanding green buildings. However, the issue of the accuracy of the ECO2 program continues to be raised, and comparisons have been made with dynamic energy analysis programs in a single type of building according to a single area. However, comparisons between multiple building types and multiple areas are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, cooling and heating loads according to multiple building types and multiple areas were analyzed through ECO2 and TRNSYS programs. The regions were supposed to be Seoul, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Busan and the building types were supposed to be office buildings and apartment houses. The annual average building load values from ECO2 were higher than those from TRNSYS. Among residential buildings across the four regions, the largest discrepancy was 41.4% in Seoul. Conversely, for commercial buildings, the most significant difference in annual average loads was noted in Gwangju, at 37.9%.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.725-742
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• 2015

Tuned mass dampers (TMD) are devices employed in vibration control since the beginning of the twentieth century. However, their implementation for controlling the seismic response in civil structures is more recent. While the efficiency of TMD on structures under far-field earthquakes has been demonstrated, the convenience of its employment against near-fault earthquakes is still under discussion. In this context, the study of this type of device is raised, not as an alternative to the seismic isolation, which is clearly a better choice for new buildings, but rather as an improvement in the structural safety of existing buildings. Seismic records with an impulsive character have been registered in the vicinity of faults that cause seismic events. In this paper, the ability of TMD to control the response of structures that experience inelastic deformations and eventually reach collapse subject to the action of such earthquakes is studied. The results of a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses are presented. These analyses are performed on a numerical model of a structure under the action of near-fault earthquakes. The structure analyzed in this study is a steel frame which behaves as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. TMD with different mass values are added on the numerical model of the structure, and the TMD performance is evaluated by comparing the response of the structure with and without the control device.