• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive intake of simple sugars induces obesity and increases the risk of inflammation. Thus, interest in alternative sweeteners as a sugar substitute is increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of saccharin on inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes. The adipocytes were treated with saccharin (0, 50, 100, and 200 ㎍/mL) for 24 h. Inflammation was induced by exposure of treated adipocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 18 h and cell proliferation was measured. The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by using Griess reagent. Protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibitor κB (IκB) were determined by western blot analysis. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the amount of NO and the mRNA expression of iNOS in the LPS-treated group were increased by about 17.6% and 46.9%, respectively, (P < 0.05), and those parameter levels were significantly decreased by saccharin treatment (P < 0.05). Protein expression of NF-κB was decreased and that of IκB was increased by saccharin treatment (P < 0.05). Saccharin decreased the mRNA expression of COX-2 and the inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that saccharin can inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the NF-κB pathway.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in food habits, eating behaviors and food frequency by gender and regions in upper grade elementary school children in Korea. Subjects of this study were 1,211 children, 645 boys and 566 girls, attending 6 elementary schools (4th, 5th and 6th graders). 389 children lived in Seoul and 822 children lived in other regions. Mean height, weight and BMI of subjects were 142.4 cm, 38.7 kg and $18.8\;kg/m^2$ respectively. 70.5% of the subjects had breakfast every day and 12.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast. There were significant differences between boys and girls in causes of skipping breakfast, overeating, meal volume, and duration of meals. Girls showed more desirable eating behavior than boys (p < 0.001). Scores for specific eating behaviors such as unbalanced diet and intake of meats and vegetables were better in girls (p < 0.001), and boys ate meals faster than girls (p > 0.001). There were significant differences between Seoul and other regions in eating behavior. Eating behavior scores of children in other regions were higher than in Seoul (p < 0.01). Children in Seoul had a higher frequency of watching television with meals. Frequency of fruits (p < 0.001), milk products (p < 0.01), and meats (p < 0.05) of children in Seoul were higher than other regions. Otherwise the frequency of simple sugar products of children in other regions was higher than Seoul (p < 0.001). Frequency of green vegetables was higher for girls than boys, and frequency of fast foods was higher for boys than girls. These results showed that in nutrition education programs designed to improve the nutritional health of elementary school children, we need to focus more on differences in the children's food habits and eating behaviors by gender and regions. In consideration of these differences, such educational programs need to have a different emphasis for each gender and regions to serve its specific needs.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.280-287
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• 1980

發癌物質과 DNA 鹽基雙間의 分子錯物形成에서 可能性있는 配置(orientation)를 決定하였다. 아데닌-티민 염기쌍에서는 티민쪽에서, 구아닌-시토신 염기쌍에서는 구아닌쪽에서 分子錯物을 形成한다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2007

Acrylamide has been found in many foods. Acrylamide in foodstuffs were analyzed by a GC/MS after bromination of acrylamide or by a LC/MS for underivatized acylamide. Time consuming and laborious clean up procedures is applied for the purification of the extract, in these methods. In this study, a simple and fast method without clean up step for the analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke was developed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the effects of tobacco leaf constituents on acrylamide content was observed. The analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke started to collect TPM (total particulate matter) from smoking and to extract by 0.1 % acetic acid solution and then to detect by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray in the positive mode. The recovery of acrylamide in 2R4F reference cigarette was 98 % and the reproducibility was 2.5 % and the limit of detection was 1.6 ng/mL. Reducing sugars and amino acids are considered to be main precursors of acrylamide in foodstuffs. Cut tobacco contain substantial amounts of reducing sugars and amino acid which may be explained the occurrence of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke. The effects of reducing sugars and total nitrogen studied in an experiment with a various tobacco types. This result indicated that reducing sugars are not limiting factor for acrylamide formation, but the level of acrylamide in cigarette smoke was significantly correlated with the total nitrogen contents.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.205-210
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• 1992

In order to develop a controlled-release oral drug delivery system (DDS) of theophylline (TP), microporous membrane-coated tablets were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Rapidly water-soluble core tablets of TP (300 mg) were prepared by wet granulation and compression technique, Then the core tablets were spray-coated with polyvinylchloride (PVC) in which micronized sucrose particles were dispersed. Effect of formula compositions of coating suspensions on the pharmaceutical characteristics such as membrane strength and dissolution was investigated in vitro. The membranes remained unbroken in pH 1.2 buffer at $37^{\circ}C$ at least for 2 hours after the disintergration test. TP was released from the coated-released tablets at a zero-order rate over 8 hours. The release at pH 1.2 and 4.0 was similar in rate but a little more rapid than that at pH 6.8. The coated tablets were administered to three healthy male volunteers and their saliva profiles of TP were compared with those from the commercial sustained release TP tablets such as Slobid and Asconthin. Saliva TP concentrations from the coated tablets were successfully sustained over 48 hours after the dosing and were comparable to those of the commercial sustained-release tablets. The membrane-coating technique is very simple and does not need any sophisticated equipments. In this respect, the membrane-coated tablets may be superior to the commercial sustained-release tablets and this technique is worth adopting by the pharmaceutical industries.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 1988

$\beta$-Glucan 분해효소의 간편하며 예민한 활성도 측정방법으로 $\beta$-glucan에 색소와 cross linking agent를 접합시키는 변형기질 제조시 영향을 미치는 조건을 조사하고 맥아와 세균의 $\beta$-glucan분해효소 측정에 적응시켜 활성도를 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.0g $\beta$-glucan은 0.1N NaOH용액에서 색소 cibacron blue 3 G-A 1.5g과 cross linking agent인 1,4-butanedioldiglycidyl ether 1.25 $m\ell$을 90분간 끓여서 색소 접합기질로 제조하였을 때 $\beta$-glucanase 활성도 측정에 최적조건이었다. 변형기질은 pH5.3 에서 안정성을 보였으며 Bacillus subtilis K-4-3에서 추출한 효소액에 변형기질을 반응시켰을 때 간편하고 정확한 효소활성 측정이 가능하였다. 또한 색소방법을 DNS방법과 비교한 결과 색소방법이 $\beta$-glucan 분해효소 측정에 적당한 방법이었음이 입증되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.300-305
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• 1986

식생활개선(食生活改善)과 영양정책(榮養政策)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 1974년부터 1984년(年)까지 에너지원으로써 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 공급형태(供給形態) 및 각공급원(各供給源)의 에너지구성율(構成率)의 변화(變化)를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 식품군별(食品群別) 에너지 공급비율(供給比率)은 1984년 곡류(穀類)가 70%를 차지하고 있다. 곡류(穀類)와 당류(黨類)는 공급(供給) 에너지 비율(比率)이 계속 감소하였으나 당류(糖類), 육류(肉類), 유지류(油脂類) 우유(牛乳) 및 난류(卵類)에 의한 에너지 공급비율(供給比率)이 2배 이상 증가를 보였다. 2. 에너지 공급원은 식물성(植物性) 식품(食品)이 90% 가량 차지하고 있으며 식물성(植物性) 식품(食品) 중(中)에는 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品)이 80% 이상을 점유하고 있다. 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品) 거의 곡류(穀類)로 전체공급(全體供給) 에너지중에도 1984년에 66% 가량을 차지하고 있다. 3. 각(各) 곡류(穀類)가 공급 에너지 중 차지하는 비율(比率)은 쌀, 밀, 보리의 순이며 쌀의 비율이 감소되고 있어도 아직 전공급(全供給) 에너지의 46%를 차지하고 있다. 보리의 비율(比率)은 급격히 감소하였지만 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品)에 의하여 공급(供給)된 에너지 중 곡류(穀類)의 비율(比率)은 거의 일정하였다. 4. 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 공급형태(供給形態)를 보면 전분성(澱粉性) 식품(食品)에 의한 에너지 공급은 서서히 감소하는 반면 정당(精糖)은 높은 증가율을 보였다. 과당(菓糖)과 갈국당(葛菊糖)의 생산량(生産量)도 꾸준히 증가하여 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 섭취가 과당류(菓糖類)로 변화(變化)되고 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.77-80
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• 1979

녹차중(綠茶中)의 L-ascorbic acid를 정량(定量)함에 있어서 흔히 사용되고 있는 DNP법(法)을 적용할 때 불순물(不純物)에 의한 방해(妨害)여부와 그의 제거방법(除去方法)에 대하여 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 즉, DNP법(法)으로 AsA를 측정시 ethyl glyoxal, diacetyl, caffeine둥 불순물질 및 아미노산(酸)들이 방해하였으며, 이들 물질을 제거하는 수단으로 브롬산화(酸化)후 o-phenylenediamine을 반응시킨 다음 chloroform으로 추출제거(抽出除去)하고 Amberlite $IR-120(H^{+})$로 아미노산(酸)을 제거(除去)한 후에 DNP법(法)으로 비색정양(比色定量)하면 L-ascorbic acid 함량(含量)을 정확히 측정(測定)할 수 있었다. 또한 분석소요시간(分析所要時間)이 TLC법(法)에 비해서 현저히 단축되고 재현성(再現性)도 좋아서 녹차중(綠茶中)의 ascorbic acid 정량(定量)에는 본법(本法)이 적합함을 확인하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.83-96
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to examine the various kinds of recipes of pheasant through classical cookbooks written from 1670 to 1943 which are the basic materials to the meat cooking. The recipes of pheasant are found 39 times in the literature, which can be classified into eleven groups. Chronologically, the recipe of mandu (ravioli) was first appeared, and guk, tang (soup), kui (roasted), jang (salted meat), chim (steamed), po (dried meat), whe (raw meat), gijim (boiled in soy sauce), cho (sparkly heated in soy sauce and sugar), jolim (hard boiled in soy sauce), and jungol (meat with vegetable cooked in pan) followed in the records. Kui was the most popular one with the frequency of 43.6%, which proves that kui is the most suitable one for pheasant among all of recipes. Mandu and guk, tang were 10.2%, chim and po were found with the same rate of 7.7% and the next ones were jang, gijim, cho, and jungol with the rate of 2.6%. The recipes of pheasant were recorded much less than those of beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and dog meat. Particularly, in comparison with chicken belonging to fowls, the frequency of pheasant cooking did not reach even to one third of that. The Korean recipes of pheasant have been independently developed with originality, having nothing to do with the Chinese ones. The recipes of pheasant before the late 1800s have based on the strict recipe principles along with the spirit of art and sincerity, but they were deteriorated to simple and easy ones discarding principles. The main ingredient was the flesh of pheasant and the sub-ingredients such as flour, pinenut, buckwheat powder, and mushroom were included in common. In additon, oil, soy sauce, black pepper, and stone leek were frequently used as main seasonings.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.91-101
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the compliance and need for diet therapy among diabetics and their caregivers. A total of 625 respondents participated in this survey. Appropriate management for long-term blood glucose control and difficult-to-manage cases appeared to be diet therapy, physical activity, medical treatment and folk remedies, in that order. The most important educational avenues for diet therapy were books, magazines and TV, Most respondents were educated in diet therapy within a year after diagnosis and had practiced diet therapy for over four years. The most common diet therapy Practices were food selection and Quantity control. Of the specific problems in practicing diet therapy, time and labor, taste, and meal planning appeared to be equally difficult factors. The prevailing diet therapy skills were controlling food amounts at breakfast and supper, and selecting food for lunch and refreshments. Respondents practicing both skills were about 20% of the participants; this shows the need to improve the current situation. The nutrients most frequently considered in diet therapy practice were simple sugars (sugar and sweet goods) , total fats and cholesterol. Since the perception of the role of dietary fiber among respondents was very low, nutrition education about the importance of dietary fiber and food sources of dietary fiber was needed. Diabetics seemed to be concerned about diabetic menus. Three difficult problems in planning diabetic menus were daily menu planning, patient's preferences, and the calculation of calories. As a means of nutrition counseling, they preferred interviews. The higher the educational status and the lower the age, the higher the preference was for internet or PC counseling. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nutrition educational programs so that diabetics can obtain practical knowledge of diet therapy. Furthermore, it is also necessary to develop additional means of informing diabetics about menu planning, while still considering Korean dietary behavior.