• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 1993

The Silk fabric was dyed with various acid dyes, and than treated with copper sulfate or copper sulfate/thiourea. Munsell color system, dye exhaustion and light fastness were investigated for the treated fabrics. The results obtaind are as follows: 1) The color variation of the silk-dyed fabric by aftertreatment with copper sulfate was shown redish, but original color with copper sulfate/thiourea. 2) Copper sulfate/thiourea was much more effective than copper sulfate only to increase the light fastness. 3) The crease recovery was increased by aftertreatment with copper sulfate/thiourea. 4) Dye exhaustion and tensile strength of the silk-dyed fabric by aftertreatment with copper sulfate was decreased about 8-15% more than those of untreated.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the drainage effect of silk suture following aspiration of the bursa as an early treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis. Eleven cases, which have over two weeks of history and over one year of follow-up, were investigated. The average duration of follow-up was 17.5 months. The average symptom duration was 1.8 months. With an aseptic technique, the aspiration of the bursa was done with 18gauge needle and syringe and then the insertion of silk suture through the aspiration needle was performed. The amount of drainage was regularly checked $2{\sim}3$ days interval and stitch out was done at the cessation of drainage. At the follow-up, recurrence, infection, pain, and limitation of range of motion were investigated by telephone interview. Redness around the insertion site of silk suture was found in all cases, but there was no active infection or recurrence. The results were satisfactory in all cases and the average time for recovery was 10.5 days. The drainage with silk suture following aspiration of the bursa is less invasive and very effective method in the early treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.15 no.2 s.38
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• pp.199-209
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• 1991

In this paper, the fabrics for Korean folk clothes(KFC) undergoes repeated laundering under given condition. After this cyclic laundering was applied, the mechanical properties of the specimen were measured using KES-F system in order to evaluated the end-use performance of fabrics for KFC. And also, the crease recovery of fabrics for KFC were measured by shirley crease recovery tester. 78 different kinds of commercial silk fabrics and polyester fabrics for KFC were used for this study. The experimental results were analysed statistically to relate the mechanical properties and the crease recovery of fabrics for KFC. Furthermore, these changes in dimensional stability, mechanical properties and handle of fabrics for KFC were discussed in comparison with those values for silk fabrics and polyester fabrics. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Regardless of materials, remarkable increase are observed in shrinkage of the fabrics for KFC about repeated laundering, but dull increase are observed in shrinkage after 10 cycles of the repeated laundering. On the other hand, slack extend are observed in dimensions after 20 cycles of the repeated laundering. The shrinkage of fabrics for KFC after 10 cycles of the lundering showed that the silk fabrics are $1.74{\pm}0.33\%$ (warp direction) and $1.35{\pm}0.23\%$ (weft direction) and the polyester fabrics are $1.45{\pm}0.22\%$ (warp direction) and $1.25{\pm}0.23\%$ (weft direction). 2. Except for tensile property, these changes in mechanical properties of fabrics for KFC by laundering have $\pm$ 16 range of bending, shearing, compression, surface, thickness & weight as compared with before laundering. Particularly, the LT and RT about $1\~3$ cycles of the repeated laundering showed remarkable decrease. And SMD, WC, T & W of fabrics for KFC by the laundering were more increased than one for original fabrics. But B, 2HB, G, 2HG, 2HGS were decreased more than one for original fabrics. 3. 'Stiffness', 'Anti-drape', 'Crispness' and 'Scroop' hand values decrease and'Fullness & softness', 'Flexibility & softness' hand values increase with repeated laundering. 4. Remarkable decrease are observed in crease recoveries about $1\~5$ cycles of the repeated lundering, but slack decrease are observed in crease recoveries after 5 cycles of repeated laundering. The crease recovery of fabrics for KFC have negative(-) correlation with LT, RT, G, RC and MMD, This fact implies that the smaller these values, the larger the crease recovery. The crease recovery of fabrics for KFC has a high degree of correlation with the mechanical properties such as shearing, compression, surface property. And also, the crease recovery are expected by measuring the mechanical properties such as G, 2HG, 2HGS, RC, WC, LC, MIU, MMD and SMD, according to the obtained regression equation.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1981

Silk textile finishing has been studied for many years by many workers in order to meet more utilities for various endusers. Such studies, however, could not be successful because any natural fibers are hardly change their natures by artificial treating methods. Textile finishing is of course to improve the mechandise qualities and the poor natures of silk so that it may be available as the best textile fiber in the world. Sometimes, famous trade marked textile plays more power than its quality in the silk market, nevertheless, this should be over line of research activities. Meantime, the silk demand has been also transferred from ladies stocking to other clothes since nylon or other synthetic fibers were developed. That is why, the extension of silk demand should be developed by various research works. Specially, silk is known as difficult textile to handle it during washing or ironing process which happened to depress down the silk usage for house wives. In order to solve such problems, the reporter has been worked for many years and now, he believes that he has developed a proper finishing method to coversuch problems. The developed finishing method may be said to eligible with economical aspect and shorten the dry duration after water washing in half against normal silk textile without harming the specific silk nature. As all of us know, silk fiber starts to denature since it was spinned by silkworm and the fiber is formed as overlapped "S" type curves during its concooning process. After it is made as raw silk or sericin silk, it shows as straight line form, but it changes in to waved form in case refining or degumming process in order return to its original spinned form. Such nature is continued during its textile form and ends with hard ironing nature than other textile fibers. Mean while, the silk fiber keeps to continue its denaturing and this is iniciated by repeat of washing and drying which takes many years to reach its final stage, The reporter has found the iniciating denature of silk by his finishing process, with out heat, decreasing the swollen nature which ended with shortening the drying duration after wash. Each washing was carried out by soaking the previously weighed sample in cold water for one hour, then pressed the sample for ten minutes to eliminate its free water component before weighing with same condition. According to this, the treated silk showed much denaturing after the finishing, but the standard silk progressed the denaturing by and by with the repeat of washing and drying, finally reached the same swollen degree of treated silk, Such treating result explains that the treated silk happened to be stebilized nature by the treating immediately. On the other that the treated silk happened to be stebilized nature by the treating immediately. On the other hand, standard silk may reach to such condition by the time of worn out clothes after repeat of washing and drying for many years while the clothes will be no more useful. The decreased swelling nature has brought about the drying period in half against standard silk after all. Not only the tests of tenacity and elongation but also crease resistance recovery, stiffness and shrinkage tests were carried out after each washing and drying which he has found better result on the treated silk textile against the standard silk. The most important thing was to keep the textile feeling of silk by such finishing work before improve any poor nature of silk. The general silk has a nature to absorb smoke or dirt from its surrounding air and reaches to dirty color shade upon such exposure, but the treated one has improved such nature because of its artificial denaturing, another word, it keeps clean longer than the normal silk. Many previous finishing works could improve some specific nature of silk, but it happened to deprave other important natures. The reporters work is, however, specialized to improve the silk to be useful as Wash and Wear Silk without harming its standard natures. So far, this work happened to be a overall innovative finishing method of silk textile.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 1971

The author is the first man who tried to use an anesthetic on insect specially for silkworm in orde to evaluate the silkworm health and silk yielding ability and the obtained results are as followings. 1. The necessary ether vapor induction for narcosis on silkworms is varied by the glowth of the silkworm which the larger worm is, the longer induction is required. For instance, it was 2∼3 minutes for the worms of third day fifth instar silkworm in case use of ether anesthetic. 2. The longer anesthetic induction for silkworms, the longer recovery needs from anesthesia. In case five minutes ether vapor induction, silkworms recovered narcosis during in 5∼130 minutes which had varied very much by the health variation. 3. The ether induction caused silkworm to vomit digestive juice from a few per cent of the worms, but the chloroform induction showed majority of the worms to vomit the digestive juice out of mouth. So, the ether was found as better anesthetic for silkworms. 4. When ether induction last more than 20∼30 minutes, the recovered silkworms can eat mulberry, but when it gets more than three hours they can not eat mulberry. And when it last more than ten minutes, the silkworm may eat mulberry leaf, but they can not spinn cocoon properly. 5. In case five minutes ether induction for silkworms on third day fifth instar, the stronger variety is, the rallier recovered from narcosis. 6. The recovering duration from narcosis varies regarding with each worm health which shows Poisson′s distribution even in a same variety silkworm. 7. The female worms recover from narcosis earlier than male worms which means the female worm is stronger than male one. 8. The later recovered silkworm from narcosis spinned more rich cocoon silk and ended with smaller pupae weight. Such a tendency showed until at some recovery duration, then the silk yield droped down on the worms recovered in more longer duration. The author (Choe) had named such a relation curve as "Silk Yield Curve against Silkworm Health." 9. The silk yield or cocoon layer ratio had varied from 13 to 27% even in a same worm varity cocoon which showed serious variation and call attention carefulness for the duplication work of a variety silkworm eggs. 10. Not always the rich silk yielding worm is the best worm during the silkworm selection and it should be considered with the silkworm health evaluation. 11. At present situation, only specific breeding expert is allowed to join in the selection service because of need many years experience by use of visual observation, but the ether anesthesia method may help such an evaluation with more accuracy and easy way even for the people in fresh on the field. 12. The effect of the narcosis on the silkworm for the next generation or hybrid worm will be reported in next publication.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.11
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• pp.23-29
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• 1970

This experiment is to improve the wrinkle recovery (W.R.) of silk fabrics. The silk fabrics is creased very well, and the crease is the serious defection of it. This experiment is to improve the nature by use of formaldehyde on fabrics. The reagents used were HCl, CH$_3$COOH, CaC$_2$, HCHO, Na$_2$CO$_3$, NH$_4$OH, NaOH and NaHCO$_3$. The silk fabrics was treated, to compare 1 he influence of conditions, by varying the quantities of reagents and the temperature of solution, and the reaction time. The cotton fabrics and the viscose rayon were sunk with the silk at the same condition to be compared the influence. 1) Those of the most suitable temperature to improve for the better W.R. are 75$^{\circ}C$ for silk, 35-45$^{\circ}C$ for cotton, and no particular temperature under 75$^{\circ}C$ for viscose rayon. 2) The W.R. improvements after treated at the temperature of 1) were 11％ for silk and 33.4％ for cotton. 3) There are the best treating time for every fabrics. They were 60 to 90 min. for viscose rayon when HAC Ras used for solvent. It took, however, 60min. of the best time for silk, 120 min. for cotton, and 40 min. for viscose rayon when acetic anhydride instead of HAC was used. 4) It was possible to improve 16.6％ of W.R. for silk at the most suitable treating time, 25.0％ for cotton, and 13.3％ for viscose rayon. 5) Acetic anhydride was rather more effective to improve W.R. of both silk and viscose rayon than HAC. 6) Treating time was also shorter in case of using acetic anhydride than HAC. 7) The improvement of W.R. were 8.3％ for silk at the 10 to 14 ml. of HCHO the best volume, 21. 5％ for cotton at 18m!. of HCHO, and 70％ of for viscose rayon at 14 to 18ml. of HCHO. 8) The most effective quantity of HCI is 14 ml. for both silk and cotton. The W.R. improvement of silk was 22.2％, and that of cotton 19.5％. 9) The W.R. of 83.3％ the best for silk and 61. 6％ for cotton were gained when 4.2gr. of NaHCO$_3$ brings down the percent of W.R. for both silk and cotton. 10) The more NaOH and NH$_4$OH as neutralizing agents, the less effectivity of W.R. until the quantities of the reagents are reached to a special range which are 3. 3m!. for silk and 3.3-6.6 ml. for cotton, and then we can see the W.R. increasing as the quantities of reagents are increased. These facts were evident in case of silk and cotton. We can also see with this fact that the reminder of 〔OH$\^$-/〕 neutralizing 〔CH$\^$+/〕in solution makes it possible to treat formaldehyde on fabrics. 11) Low curing temperature was comparatively better for silk, and high temperature better for cotton. 12) The result of this experiment shows that the Improvement of W.R. for silk was possible to 94％ which means 22％ W.R. increase compared to the untreated silk. This effect also shows that the improvement to W '||'&'||' W (wash and wear) of silk will be possible.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.52-58
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• 1996

In order to study an applicable level for the graft finish of silk filaments and the characteristics of silk fabric, some sample fabrics were woven with grafted weft and the characteristics of sample fabrics were analyzed to evaluate the mechanical properites and the handle values according to the graft yield(%) of MMA and HEMA monomers on silk filaments. 1. The tensile properties were detected in the increase of linearity(LT) and the recovery in time of the increasing resilience(RT). 2. The bending properties were detected to have a lot of effect on the balance of bending rigidity(B) to hysteresis(2HB) according to the elastic relaxation of warp tension and the interlacing stress. 3. The shearing properities were detected to show the softness and the elastics in a case of the decrease in shearing rigidity(G) and hysteresis(2HG, 2HG5) according to the graft yields. 4. The compression properties were detected in the decrease of linearity(LC) and the uniformity of resilience(RC). It explains that the tendancies of compressible variation is not accepted. 5. The surface properities were detected to be affected by the surface forms of grafted silk filaments and the variation in the morphologies of interlacing sections. Considering the interlacing eveness, MMA grafted fabrics were accepted within the level of WOMEN'S THIN DRESS(KN-201-LDY) but HEMA grafted fabrics were not accepted. 6. The variation of handles were detected in the increase of total hand(TAV) within the levels of 65% of KOSHI and 82% of HARI on the average. 7. The handle fashions were detected in the nature of Habuta and Dechine from MAA graft but the nature of Fugi were shaped from HEMA graft in proportion to the graft yields.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1993

Using the new scouring soap made from rapeseed oil, various scouring test was done souring effects of new scouring soap were estimated. In the effects of scouring soap on the degumming ratio, OS (the soap made from oleic acid) was the most excellent and the next was RS (the soap made from rapeseed oil). Both OS and RS were more excellent than MS (the soap on the market). In a buffer power of soap solution, OS and RS were good, but MS was poor. The uneven dyeing was not observed in the silk fabric degummed by OS and RS, but observed in silk fabric degummed by MS. The value of tenacity and elongation in the silk degummed by OS and RS was higher that degummed by MS. In the crease recovery, softness and whiteness, the order of value was OS, RS, MS.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2013

Three new Multi ${\times}$ Bi combinations M.Con.4 ${\times}$ (SK6 ${\times}$ SK7), M.Con.4 ${\times}$ NB4D2 and Nistari ${\times}$ (SK6 ${\times}$ SK7) were studied in five seasons i.e. during the period of $18^{th}$ June - $12^{th}$ July, $30^{th}$ August - $23^{rd}$ September, $3^{rd}$ November - $2^{nd}$ December, $29^{th}$ January- $2^{nd}$ March and $30^{th}$ March-$25^{th}$ April with one control Nistari ${\times}$ NB4D2 considering nine reeling characteristics along with shell percent and cocoon yield per 100 disease free layings (DFLs) to establish the seasonal effect on all the parameters. Results reveal that all the characters performed well in November-December. Highest yield per 100 DFLs was recorded during November-December in all combinations showing >60 kg yield. Higher correlation of yield/100 DFLs with filament length, non-breakable filament length, denier, raw silk percent, reelability percent and recovery percent was recorded in all combinations of Multi ${\times}$ Bi considered in this study. Variability observed among four combinations indicates the effect of different temperature and humidity of different seasons on expression of different traits. The results indicate that there is significant relationship of raw silk percent with reelability percent, recovery percent and evenness. Reelability percent showed higher correlation with recovery percent. It was observed that neatness was positively correlated with evenness. The overall performance of the newly evolved combinations with regard to productivity and reeling characteristics is discussed emphasizing their utilization at commercial level.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 2003

The impact of antibiotic (Norfloxacin) administration ,at different concentration (50 ppm and 100 ppm) on commercial characters of bivoltine $({CSR_2}{\times}{CR_4})$ and the cross breed race $({BL_67}{\times}{CSR_101})$ was studied. The result indicated that antibiotic administration with different concentrations significantly improved the rearing and cocoon parameters like larval duration, larval weight, growth index, single cocoon weight, single shell weight and shell ratio. The post cocoon parameters like average filament length, non-breakable filament length, raw silk percentage, raw silk recovery percentage, denier, reelability and neatness were recorded significantly higher in antibiotic treated batches. The better performances of these parameters were recorded with the increase of antibiotic concentration.