• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.12-21
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• 2000

The smoke from a burning cigarette is classified as mainstream, which is the smoke inhaled by the smoker during a puff, and sidestream, which is defined by ISO 10185 as all smoke which leaves a cigarette during the smoking process other than from the butt end. Most of the sidestream smoke is generated during static burn, that is, in between puffs. The amount of sidestream smoke generated by a cigarette depends on the cigarette construction, tobacco blend, and properties of the cigarette paper, The main paper properties affecting sidestream smoke generation are: porosity, basis weight, type and amount of filler, type and amount of burn additive.Sidestream smoke is composed of a visible phase (small liquid droplets) and an invisible phase (gaseous molecules). This paper focuses on the visible portion of the sidestream smoke. Optical methods, which are based on the relationship between light scattering and density of the rising plume of smoke, have been used successfully by the industry. However, the present trend is to use gravimetric methods where the particulate matter is captured on a Cambridge(R) filter pad and weighed. The gaseous portion of the sidestream smoke, which does not contribute to the visible sidestream smoke, passes through the Cambridge filter pad.Sidestream smoke reduction is achieved by modifying certain mass transport processes occurring in a smoldering cigarette. There are four main pathways for reducing sidestream smoke: A) less tobacco burned, B) slower rate of tobacco combustion, C) more efficient trapping of smoke by the cigarette paper, and D) more complete combustion of tobacco. This paper discusses how the physical properties of paper and cigarette construction affect sidestream smoke reduction via the above four mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.1 s.53
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• pp.83-93
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of additives in low sidestream cigarette papers, such as Mg$(OH)__2,\;TiO_2\;and\;KH_{2}PO_4$ on the delivery of mainstream and sidestream smoke. From the analysis of tar and nicotine in sidestream and mainstream smoke, the delivered ratios of tar and nicotine by sidestream to mainstream smoke in common cigarette paper were 5.32 and 8.60, respectively. However, the delivered ratios of those of the paper containing $Mg(OH)_2\;were\;2.25\~3.23,\;4.86\~7.14,\;Mg(OH)_2\;and\;KH_{2}PO_4\;were\;2.12\~2.92,\;4.67\~6.89,\;TiO_2\;was\;3.21,\;7.51 $ respectively. The deliver patterns of semi-volatile components in the cigarettes were similar each there, but a slight different pattern in the amount was observed depending on the kinds of compounds added in cigarette papers. In the cigarettes made of $Mg(OH)_2$ added paper, the aromatic components such as benzene, toluene and phenol were generated more while the aliphatic components like neophytadiene, ethyl decanoate were delivered less than the cigarettes made of common cigarette papers. However, the cigarettes manufactured with $Mg(OH)_2\;and\;KH_2PO_4$ added paper showed an opposite trend. The cigarettes made of $TiO_2$ added paper showed relatively low delivery in the most compounds measured. In sensory evaluation, cigarette papers tested were noticed a distinguishable sensory character between the low sidestream smokes with additive cigarette papers except $TiO_2$ added one. Moreover, aroma patterns detected by a electronic nose system in TPM were a similar tendency.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.189-202
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• 2017

This study examines the concentrations of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gas-phase PAHs in sidestream cigarette smoke. Sixteen PAHs were determined for four brands of cigarettes. The volume of the experimental room is approximately $66m^3$. The air samples in the room were collected before and after smoking. The median total of particulate-phase and gas-phase PAH concentrations before smoking $3.13ng/m^3$and $48.0ng/m^3$, respectively. The median concentrations of them after smoking were $10.0ng/m^3$ and $79.6ng/m^3$. The median increases in the total of 16 PAH concentrations per cigarette during smoking were 271 ng for the particulate-phase PAHs and 1960 ng for the gas-phase PAHs. According to the relationship between particulate-phase and gas-phase PAHs after smoking, the two- to four-ring gas-phase PAHs and the higher molecular weight particulate-phase PAHs were probably formed from similar precursors. The relationship between the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration and the increase in the total particulate-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs per cigarette during smoking were significantly positive. The increase in the total gas-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs tended to increase as the TSP concentration increased. This may indicates that decreasing the amount of TSP produced inhibit the production of PAHs during smoking.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2010

Tobacco plants absorb cadmium from soil and accumulate it in high concentrations in their leaves. Additionally, a significant portion of the cadmium contained in cigarettes passes into the smoke. Cadmium is known to be a toxic and carcinogenic compound that has harmful effects on the human body due to smoking. In this study, the concentrations of cadmium in the Ky3R4F reference cigarette and two commercial cigarettes were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Each cigarette sample was partitioned into a tobacco rod and filter and then analyzed in order to determine the concentration of cadmium. The concentrations of cadmium in the mainstream smoke, ash, residue, and cigarette butt were also analyzed after the cigarettes were smoked under ISO smoking conditions. Transfer rates of the cadmium from the tobacco rod to the mainstream smoke, ash, and cigarette butt were 0.8 ~ 5%, 17 ~ 22%, and 5 ~ 7%, respectively. As a result, we estimated that the sidestream smoke contained about 70% of the cadmium from the tobacco rod.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2004

ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) is composed of exhaled mainstream smoke (MS) from the smoker, sidestream smoke (SS) emitted from the smoldering tobacco between puffs and contaminants that diffuse through the cigarette paper and mouth between puffs. These emissions contain both vapor phase and particulate contaminants. ETS is a complex mix of over 4,000 compounds. This mix contains many known or suspected human carcinogens and other toxic agents. More of these toxic compounds are found in SS than in MS. Workplace exposure to ETS can result in significant smoke intake, and passive smoke exposure may be related to impair respiratory function and an increase risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers. For nonsmokers sharing a work environment with cigarette smokers, the workplace must be considered hazardous independently of any specific industrial toxic exposure. The risk is particularly important when a high percentage of the workers smoke or where smokers and nonsmokers work in poorly ventilated areas. Nicotine is converted in the body to cotinine; cotinine therefore can be used as an indirect measure of a person's recent exposure to tobacco smoke. Levels of nicotine in hair and levels of cotinine in body fluids (saliva and urine) have been shown to increase with increasing environmental nicotine levels and with self-reported ETS exposure. The measurement of nicotine or cotinine in hair may be more appropriate for longer-term exposure to tobacco. The purpose of this study is to comparing airborne nicotine levels and hair cotinine level in restaurant workers. Concentration of airborne nicotine and hair nicotine (and cotinine) is closely related to exposed frequency of sidestream smoke in the workplace. Nicotine in hair is a better predictor of airborne nicotine than hair cotinine. Hair nicotine can be a useful tool to assess ETS exposure interventions. It may have limiting levels of ETS exposure by placing regulatory restrictions on smoking in workplaces and in public spaces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted as a part of Asia collaborative study on purpose of verifying the difference between CM6 and CM7 including 3R4F for reference. It carried out using various analytical categories for example, main stream, sidestream and Av. smoke. Additional analysis such as physical properties, blending ratio, combustibility and general leaf component analysis also implemented in order to investigate the difference. We complied with ISO standard and CORESTA recommended method during analytical operating procedures. In this study, we described that comparative analytical result for CM6 and CM7 known as reference or monitoring cigarettes including 3R4F for reference. All sample cigarettes were conditioned at $22^{\circ}C$, 60% relative humidity for 48 hours. Av. Smoke, MS and SS smoke analysis were performed over five times with two smoking condition, ISO and Health Canada with the exception of Av. smoke analysis. We complied with ISO standard method during analytical operating procedures. And, we conducted additional analysis, such as physical properties, blending ratio, combustibility and leaf component analysis also in order to investigate the difference. In conclusion, we found out some differences between CORESTA monitoring cigarette No. 6 and No 7. The smoke components such as total particulate matters, NFDPM, nicotine and carbon monoxide contents of CM7 were a little lower than CM6. And, these phenomena were the same as not only main stream smoke but also side stream smoke and Av. smoke. This tendency was consistent with ISO and Health Canada smoking condition. Besides, leaf constituents' color of CM7 was darker than CM6. In case of combustibility, it showed short combustion time approximately 30 seconds.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 2000

The bronchus and alveoli from young rats have been examined by electron microscope following the exposure of cigarette smoking. Experimental animals were exposed to the sidestream smoke in an experimentally designed cage for 45 minutes per day during four weeks. In the smoking group, transmission electron micrographs of lung tissues showed a large number of neutrophils with electron densed several lysosomes, numerous macrophages with many small lysosomes, and many residual bodies in alveolar space. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the ciliated epithelial cells in bronchus of smoking group were replaced by goblet cells including loss of cilia, and increased cell size of many goblet cells in bronchus. These results depicted that the ultrastructural changes are due to the passive smoking, involving airway cell Injury.