• 소성∙가공
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.348-353
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• 2012

Micro-drawn parts have received wider acceptance as products become smaller and more precise. The subject of this study was the deformation characteristics of ultra thin sheet metal in micro drawing of a rectangular shaped part. The influence of drawing speed and blank holding force on the product quality was investigated in micro-drawing of ultra thin sheet of beryllium copper (C1720) alloy. The specimen had a diameter of 4.8 mm and a thickness of $50{\mu}m$. Experiments were carried out in which, different blank holding force and drawing speed were considered. The product quality was evaluated by measuring the thickness and hardness along two specified directions, namely, the side and diagonal directions. The distribution of the thickness strain showed severe thinning especially around the punch radius in both directions. In the diagonal direction, thickening occurred in the flange area due to the axi-symmetric drawing mode. The increase of blank holding force and/or drawing speed was found to cause severe thinning around the punch radius. The blank holding force had a greater effect on thinning of the product than the drawing speed.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.675-694
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the displacement of and the stress distribution on the prosthesis, abutment, and its supporting tissues under functional load, and the effect of alteration in root length of 2nd abutment. The 3-dimensional finite element method was used and the finite element models were prepared in which the abutments of left mandibular 5 unit axed partial denture were canine, the 1st pre-molar and the 2nd molar, and the root lengths of canines were as follows. Model I : Root length of canine was 2mm longer than the 1st premolar Model II : Root length of canine was 2mm shorter than the 1st premolar Static compressive force of 300N was applied to connector between 2nd premolar & 1st molar, and then von Mises stress, displacement and reaction force were obtained. The results were as follows : 1. In fixed partial denture, prosthesis under load on pontic was rotated around mesio-distal long axis of it from longual side to buccal, and simultaneously bended in buccal and gingival direction with mesial end deformed in gingival direction and distolingual end in occlusal. 2. Clinical crowns of abutments were bended in the same directions with those in which prosthesis deforms. Due to that, roots of anterior abutments were twisted in counterclockwise with concentration of shear stress on distal or distobuccal sides of their cervices, and that of posterior was in clockwise with concentration of shear stress on mesiobuccal side of it in the same level with anterior abutments. 3. In case that root length of the 2nd abutment was longer than that of the 1st abutment, its displacement and reaction force which means the force tooth exerts on the surrounding periodontal tissues were smaller but shear stress on itself was larger than in the case root length of 2nd abutment was shorter.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2022

To better understand the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) characteristics of a 5:1 rectangular cylinder, the distribution of aerodynamic force and the non-dimensional power spectral density (PSD) of fluctuating pressure on the side surface were studied in different VIV development stages, and their differences in the stationary state and vibration stages were analyzed. The spanwise and streamwise correlations of surface pressures were studied, and the flow field structure partitions on the side surface were defined based on the streamwise correlation analysis. The results show that the variation tendencies of mean and root mean square (RMS) pressure coefficients are similar in different VIV development stages. The RMS values during amplitude growth are larger than those at peak amplitude, and the smallest RMS values are observed in the stationary state. The spanwise correlation coefficients of aerodynamic lifts increase with increase of the peak amplitude. However, for the lock-in region, the maximum spanwise correlation coefficient for aerodynamic lifts occurs in the VIV rising stage rather than in the peak amplitude stage, probably due to the interaction of vortex shedding force (VSF) and self-excited force (SEF). The streamwise correlation results show that the demarcation point positions between the recirculation region and the main vortex region remain almost constant in different VIV development stages, and the reattachment points gradually move to the tailing edge with increasing amplitude. This study provides a reference to estimate the demarcation point and reattachment point positions through streamwise correlation and phase angle analysis from wind tunnel tests.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.255-268
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• 2022

Light-weight or low-damped structures may encounter the unsteady galloping instability that occurs at low reduced wind speeds, where the classical quasi-steady assumption is invalid. Although this unsteady phenomenon has been widely studied for rectangular cross sections with one side perpendicular to the incidence flow, the effect of the mean wind angle of attack has not been paid enough attention yet. With four sectional models of different side ratios and geometric shapes, the presented research focuses on the effect of the wind angle of attack on unsteady galloping instability. In static tests, comparatively strong vortex shedding force was noticed in the middle of the range of flow incidence where the lift coefficient shows a negative slope. In aeroelastic tests with a low Scruton number, the typical unsteady galloping, which is due to an interaction with vortex-induced vibration and results in unrestricted oscillation initiating at the Kármán vortex resonance wind speed, was observed for the wind angles of attack that characterize relatively strong vortex shedding force. In contrast, for the wind angles of attack with relatively weak shedding force, an "atypical" unsteady galloping was found to occur at a reduced wind speed clearly higher than the Kármán-vortex resonance one. These observations are valid for all four wind tunnel models. One of the wind tunnel models (with a bridge deck cross section) was also tested in a turbulent flow with an intensity about 9%, showing only the atypical unsteady galloping. However, the wind angle of attack with the comparatively strong vortex shedding force remains the most unfavorable one with respect to the instability threshold in low Scruton number conditions.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 1996

본 실험은 서로 다른 기전으로 골흡수를 억제한다고 추정되는 약제인 bisphosphonate와 indomethacin을 백서에 투여한 후 교정력을 이용한 치아이동시 약제가 골개조에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 시행되었다. 동일한 조건에서 사육된 체중 260-300g의 웅성백서(Sprague-Dawley계)를 대조군, bisphosphonate 투여군 및 indomethacin 투여군으로 분류하고 각 군은 다시 장치를 장착한 실험측과 장치를 장착하지 않은 대조측으로 분류하였다. Bisphosphonate(6.3mg/kg,$2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$)와 indomethacin(9mg/kg, $2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$)은 교정장치 장착 6시간 전, 1시간 전 및 24시간 후에 복강내 주사하였으며, 교정력이 가해진 시점으로부터 72시간이 경과한 후 파골세포수를 측정하고 조직학적인 성상을 관찰하였다. 또한 혈액을 채취한 후 혈청 acid phosphatase 및 lactate dehydrogenase 양을 측정하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 실험측의 파골세포수는 장치장착 1시간 전에 투여한 bisphosphonate군과 indomethacin군에서 가장 적게 나타났으며, 다른 시간의 약물 투여군은 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 대조측의 파골세포수는 실험측보다 현저히 적게 나타났으며, 대조군 및 약물투여군간에 차이가 없었다. 대조군과 6시간 전 및 24시간 후에 투여한 indomethacin군은 심한 골흡수 양상을 보인 반면, 1시간전 indomethacin군 및 모든 bisphosphonate군에서는 골흡수의 정도가 적었다. 파골세포의 주름변연과 투명대는 대조군 및 indomethacin군에서 가장 뚜렷하게 나타났으며, bisphosphonate 투여군에서는 일부 파골세포들이 무딘 세포돌기만을 내거나 골표면에 부착하지 않고 있는 경우가 많았다. Bisphosphonate와 indomethacin 투여군 모두에서 acid phosphatase 및 lactate dehydrogenase 값이 대조군보다 낮았으며, acid phosphatase 값은 bisphosphonate군이 indomethacin군보다 낮았으나 lactate dehydrogenase 값은 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 bisphosphonate는 파골세포의 수 및 대사활동을 감소시키며 indomethacin은 파골세포의 수를 감소시킴을 알 수 있었다. 또한 두 약물을 비교하면 bisphosphonate는 indomethacin에 비해 골흡수 억제효과가 더 크며 투여시간에 따른 제약도 더 적은 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.547-552
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• 2003

In mold machining, there are many concave machining regions where chatter and tool deflection occur since MRR (material removal rate) increases as curvature increases even though cutting speed and depth of cut are constant. Boolean operation between stock and tool model is widely used to compute MRR in NC milling simulation. In finish cutting, the side step is reduced to about 0.3mm and tool path length is sometimes over 300m. so Boolean operation takes long computation time and includes much error if the resolution of stock and tool model is larger than the side step. In this paper, curvature of CL(cutter location) surface and side step of tool path is used to compute the feedrate for constant MRR machining. The data structure of CL surface is Z-map generated from NC tool path. The algorithm to get local curvature from discrete data was developed and applied to compute local curvature of CL surface. The side step of tool path was computed by point density map which includes cutter location point density at each grid element. The feedrate computed from curvature and side step is inserted to new tool path to regulate MRR. The resultants wire applied to feedrate optimization system which generates new tool path with feedrate from NC codes for finish cutting. The system was applied to speaker mold machining. The finishing time was reduced to 12.6%. tool wear was reduced from 2mm to 1.1mm and chatter marks and over cut on corner were removed.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to prevent the stick, scuffing, scratch between piston and cylinder, is to contribute the piston design such as piston profile, clearance by calculating reaction force by over-lap of piston skirt, as measuring the temperature distributions of cylinder wall. The experiment has been peformed to obtain data during actual engine operation. Temperature gradient in peripheral and axial distributions of cylinder wall according to torque and speed of engine were measured by use of an 800cc class gasoline engine. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1) The temperature of cylinder wall at TDC was about $50{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ higher than temperature of cooling water. 2) The rear side temperature of top dead center was $141^{\circ}C$(1/4 load) in axial distribution, whereas the rear side of midway position temperature was $98^{\circ}C$. 3) The temperature of cylinder wall increased in according to rising temperature of cooling water. 4) The thrust side temperature of cylinder wall was about $15^{\circ}C$ in all load test. 5) The rear side temperature of top dead center was $159^{\circ}C$ (1/2 load) in peripheral distribution, it was about $39^{\circ}C$ higher than thrust side temperature.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.379-397
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• 2013

Large Eddy Simulations (LES) were carried out to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a rectangular cylinder with side ratio B/D=5 at Reynolds number Re=22,000 (based on cylinder thickness). Particular attention was devoted to the effects of velocity shear in the oncoming flow. Time-averaged and unsteady flow patterns around the cylinder were studied to enhance understanding of the effects of velocity shear. The simulation results showed that the Strouhal number has no significant variation with oncoming velocity shear, while the peak fluctuation frequency of the drag coefficient becomes identical to that of the lift coefficient with increase in velocity shear. The intermittently-reattached flow that features the aerodynamics of the 5:1 rectangular cylinder in non-shear flow becomes more stably reattached on the high-velocity side, and more stably separated on the low-velocity side. Both the mean and fluctuating drag coefficients increase slightly with increase in velocity shear. The mean and fluctuating lift and moment coefficients increase almost linearly with velocity shear. Lift force acts from the high-velocity side to the low-velocity side, which is similar to that of a circular cylinder but opposite to that of a square cylinder under the same oncoming shear flow.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2019

In this paper, we report a robust steering control using time delay control for the vehicle dynamics variation due to tire/road contact condition variation, the lateral disturbance force due to the side wind, and the yaw disturbance moment due to the difference between the left and right tires' pneumatic pressure. We controlled the side slip and yaw damping compensation for rapid steering at the high velocity of the vehicle. Based on the developed control, the driver can only consider the desired path without concerning on the vehicle dynamics variation, disturbances, and undesired side slip and yaw oscillations. Simulation results show that robustness from the vehicle dynamics variation and disturbances was achieved by using the developed time delay control. We evaluated the side slip and yaw damping compensation capability for the rapid steering at the high velocity of the vehicle in the cases of three control methods.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2001

반응 질소 중간 대사물 중의 하나인 nitric oride(NO)는 작고 불안정하며 전하가 없는 free radical이며 신체의 여러 종류 세포에서 분비되어 대부분의 조직 세포에 영향을 미친다. 또한 NO는 lipopolysacchatide나 cytokines 등의 자극으로 골모세로로부터 생산되어 파골세포의 활성을 강력하제 억제한다는 보고도 있다. 이러한 NO는 L-arguinine으로부터 nitric oxide synthetase(NOS)에 의해 합성된다. 골개조에 의해 이루어지는 생체 내 치아이동 및 그에 따른 치주조직 변화에서 NO 및 NOS가 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각되나 교정적 치아이동에서 치주인대의 재생 과정과 관련되어 이들의 역할이 밝혀진 것이 드물었다. 본 연구에서는 견인력에 의한 치아이동시 시간 경과에 따른 NOS의 발현 정도 및 분포 변화를 알아보고자, Sprague-Dawley계 백서 27마리를 대조군(3마리)과 실험군(24마리)으로 나누었으며, 실험군은 견인력(75g)을 가한 후 12시간, 1일, 4일, 7일, 14일, 28일이 경과한 후 각각 4마리씩 희생시켜, $NOS_3$와 $NOS_2$의 발현 정도 및 분포를 면역조직화학적으로 관찰한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 대조군의 $NOS_3$ 발현은 치은과 상아질, 치주인대, 치조골에서 경미 하였지만 치수, 악간 봉합에서는 약양성의 발현을 보였으며, $NOS_2$의 경우와 유사하였다. 2. 실험군의 상아질, 치은, 백악질, 백악모세포, 상아모세포에서의 $NOS_3$ 및 $NOS_2$의 발현은 견인력 적용 기간에 관계없이 대조군과 큰 차이가 없이 경미하거나 약양성이었다. 3. 치주인대에서의 $NOS_3$의 발현은 실험 4일째부터 치근단에서 증가되어 7일째에 압박측을 중심으로 증가한 이후 감소되었다. 4. 치조골에서의 $NOS_3$는 실험 7일째까지 경미한 발현을 보이다가 14일째부터 28일째까지 약양성으로 발현 증가를 보였으며 압박 및 견인측 간의 차이는 없었다. 5. 치주인대에서의 $NOS_2$는 압박측과 견인측 간의 차이 없이 실험 7일째 이후에 대조군보다 증가된 약양성의 발현을 보였으며 $NOS_3$의 발현에 비해 상대적으로 많았다. 6. 치조골에서의 $NOS_2$의 발현은 14일째에 가장 크게 증가하여 골모세포, 파골세포, 골세포 모두에서 발현되었으며 압박측보다 견인측 치조골의 골세포에서 약간 많았다.