• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.136-139
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• 2008

Purpose: Epidural morphine infusion has been used to control pain in cancer patients whose cancer pain can not be controlled high dose intravenous morphine injection. To study the effectiveness and side effects of epidural morphine for the treatment of cancer pain in terminal patients at Hospice Ward, we evaluated the change in morphine equivalent daily dose for effectiveness and complications of epidural morphine infusion. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 24 terminal cancer patients who were treated with continuous epidural morphine between 2001 and 2004 at Hospice Ward of St. Vincent's Hospital. Results: The median of baseline morphine equivalent daily dose was 615 mg, whereas the median dose of initial epidural morphine was 16 mg. The median of morphine daily equivalent daily dose dropped from 615 mg to 274 mg in one week after epidural morphine infusion therapy (P-value=0.000). The median survival from the time of the first catheter insertion was 35 days. In 6 patients, the catheter was removed due to complications, however the catheter was reinserted in 3 patients. Conclusion: Cancer pain management by epidural morphine infusion is very effective method with low rate of severe complication.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2006

Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) has been used as a rootstock for the watermelon cultivation because of better growth ability at low temperature and avoidance from contamination of the soil disease. Since the genetic source for the elite rootstock is limited in nature, the genetic engineering method is inevitable to develop new lines especially to obtain the functionally important or multi-disease resistant bottle gourd. Recently, our lab has set up a successful system to transform the bottle gourd. in order to monitor the transformation process, GFP gene is used. Cotyledons of the inbred line 9005, 9006 and G5 were used to induce the shoot under the selection media with MS + 30 g/L sucrose + 3.0 mg/L BAP + 100 mg/L kanamycin + 500 mg/L cefotaxime + 0.5 mg/L $AgNO_3$, pH 5.8. The shoot was developed from the cut side of the explants after 3 weeks on the selection media. The shoot was incubated in the rooting media with 1/2 MS + 30 g/L sucrose + 0.1 mg/L IAA + 50 mg/L kanamycin + 500 mg/L cefotaxime, pH 5.8 and moved to pot for acclimation. Although the shoot development rate was depended on the genotype, the G5 was the best line to be transformed. Monitoring GFP expression from the young shoot under microscope could make the selection much easier to distinguish the transformed shoot from the non-transformed shoots.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2001

Purpose : Since the first report of vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE) in 1986, the resistance to vancomycin in enterococci has been increasingly rapidly. In this study, we investigated the clinical manifestations of pediatric patients with VRE and the pattern of the antibiotic use with increasing the rate of VRE in pediatrics Methods : We studied retrospectively 36 pediatric patients who were isolated VRE from January 1998 to December 2000. We classified patients into ICU and non ICU groups and reviewed species of VRE, specimens in which VRE were first detected and procedures performed before VRE detected. Results : We have found that the number of pediatric patients isolated VRE is increasingly annually in this study. In addition, the number of VRE-isolation in the ICU group and in patients who were operated or who underwent active procedures is much higher than that of in the non ICU group and in patients who were taken medication only. Enterococcus faecium is the main species of VRE. VRE showed high resistance to almost all antibiotics except tetracycline, and resistance was closely related to the duration of hospitalization and history of the antibiotic use. The proportion of the cephalosporin use was higher than any other antibiotic before VRE detection. In contrast, that of teicoplanin was higher than any other antibiotic after VRE detection(P<0.05). The cases of superinfection is higher in the ICU group than in non ICU group. Conclusion : In the hospital level, prevention of nosocomial infection through proper administrative policies, through surveillance of high risk VRE regions and prudent antibiotic use can prevent VRE outbreaks and corresponding side effects.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 1997

Objective : To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety afforded by the HG-II$^{(R)}$ recombinant hepatitis B vaccine given to healthy neonates and children and to find the influence of preceding BCG vaccination on immunogenicity. Methods : Three doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine with a dose of $10{\mu}g$ were given at birth, 1 and 6 months of age. This study was conducted in three hospitals (Gyeongsang National University Hospital(Group A), Kangnam General Hospital(Group B) and Younsei University Hospital(Group C)) from April, 1995 to June, 1996. Group A and Group B received 2nd dose of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 week after and before BCG vaccine, respectively. Antibidy levels, at 1 month after the 3rd dose of hepatitis B vaccine were determined by a radioimmunoassay. Results : 1) One hundred four infants and ten children were enrolled : 55 infants and 43 infants received 2nd dose of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 week after( After BCG Group) and before BCG vaccine(Before BCG Group), respectively. 2) The seropositive rate was 99.1%, and geometric mean anti-HBs titer was 131.2mIU/ml. 3) The geometric mean titers were 105.5mIU/ml and 162.8mIU/ml in After BCG and Before BCG Group, respectively(p<0.025). 4) Among 359 episodes of vaccination, the occurrence of systemic and local side reaction were reported in 7.8% and 1.4%, respectively. Conclusion : Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine(HG-II$^{(R)}$))was highly immunogenic and safe. The significantly lower geometric mean antibody titer in the BCG preceding group was observed. Well-designed controlled study with the large number of sample size will be required to show the influence of preceding BCG vaccination.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.30
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• pp.33-60
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• 2012

False alarm of Electronic security causes various serious side effects such as decrease of electronic security guard's morale caused by unnecessary mobilization, increase of fatigue caused by workload increase, increase of electronic security company owner's management burden and decrease of electronic security service utilization rate caused by customer's distrust. Therefore, the study considered the Korean regulation related with false alarm of electronic security and proposed actual status of false alarm and measure for it. The study proposed systematic resolution assignments and political assignments in relation with the measure for false alarm. Systematic resolution assignments are as follows. First, electronic security company should construct electronic security system accurately from the initial step of security consulting and security planning related with target facility. Second, it is necessary to encourage installation and operation of video monitoring system. Third, sensor wiring should be separated. Fourth, the measures for false alarm depending on main system causes should be prepared. It is necessary to encourage the installation of 'arming disarming alarm sound' generator. In addition, the measures for false arm depending on the characteristics of sensor should be prepared and standardized. Fifth, system maintenance should be reinforced. Political assignments related with the measures for false alarm are as follows. First, it is necessary to reinforce education & training. Individual nurturing & education process should be run by electronic security company or the education focusing on the measure for false alarm should be performed in job training defined in "Security Industry Act". Second, it is necessary to establish and reinforce legal regulation and establish device. If police authority standardizes the documents related with false alarm, provides their forms and requires them for periodical reports or documents, it is expected that good measures for false alarm will be prepared on the basis of actual data in the future. Third, cooperation organization to discuss the measures for false alarm like 'Conference for False Alarm of Electronic Security' should be organized and operated. Fourth, interest and role of electronic security company and electronic security supervisor should be enlarged.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.437-445
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• 2001

This study was performed to validate the procedure of transarterial embolization of the renal artery (TAE-RA) using iohexol-ethanol solution in dogs with unilateral experimental hydronephrosis and to evaluate the embolized kidney using B-mode ultrasonography and selective angiography. Experimental hydronephrosis was induced by ligation of unilateral ureter in 12 dogs. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that size of the kidney was significantly increased at 9 days and 17 days and the length of renal cortex was significantly decreased at 17 days after ligation of the unilateral ureter and it was in accordance with dilation of ipsilateral renal pelvis. No significant change of BUN, creatinine, ALT, calcium, and phosphorus was found immediately after unilateral experimental hydronephrosis. Therefore, it was concluded that unilateral hydronephrosis was established in 12 dogs at 17 days after ligation of ureter. Renal artery embolization was performed using selective catheterization in the hydronephrotic kidney of seven dogs and EKG, $SpO_2$, body temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate were within normal ranges during procedures. Iohexol-ethanol solution was used as embolic material. Average ethanol dose for renal artery embolization was $1.94{\pm}1.24ml/kg$. There were no dogs expired after TAE-RA and no side effects associated with regurgitation of iohexol-ethanol solution. Revascularization of renal artery was not found in angiography in dogs treated by TAE-RA at immediately after TAE-RA and 14 days after TAE-RA. Ultrasonographically, the mean longitudinal length of the embolized kidney decreased significantly at 2 and 3 months after TAE-RA compared to that of contralateral normal kidney. In summary, marked shrinkage of the embolized kidney was observed in dogs with unilateral experimental hydronephrosis treated by TAE-RA with iohexol-ethanol and no adverse effects were observed throughout the observation period. It is concluded that TAE-RA with iohexol-ethanol solution is a viable alternative to nephrectomy in dogs with unilateral hydronephrosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.290-295
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• 2002

Backgroud: Pneumonectomy carries the possibility of numerous dangerous complications as well as the vast effect the operation itself has on the cardiopulmonary function. Most of operations are done with the insertion of the chest tubes upon completion, but because of the high incidence of pyothorax as its complications, we have tried to analyze and compare the cases without inserting the chest tubes. Material and Method: During a 5 year period from January, 1996 to December 2000, 100 cases, which were operated at the Hanyang University Hospital, were selected using the patient's charts. The age, gender, indication of operation, associated diseases, and operation site(left or right) were classified accordingly and the postoperative complications and mortality were statistically analyzed using the $\chi$ 2-test. After resecting the lung, the intrathoracic pressure was set at -15 ~ -20cm $H_2O$ using the nelaton catheter, and the thoracotomy site was then closed. The gradual collection of the fluid and blood in the thorax of the operated side, as well as the mediastinum location, were observed carefully for 4~5 days postoperatively with the aid of the simple chest x-rays. Result: Of the 100 cases, 16 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis(16%), 81 cases of lung tumor(81%), 2 cases of bronchiectasis(2%), and 1 case of aspergilloma associated bronchiectasis were noted. There were 8 mortality cases(8%), and of the 34 cases(34%), 44 complications were noted. The age, sex, and operation site(left or right) were not statistically significant with the complications. 7 of the 16 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis(44%) and 27 of the 81 cases of lung tumor(33%) had complications, but they were found not to be statistically significant. The increase of the complication rate in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 3.86. The evidence of postoperative bleeding was observed in 6 cases with the 3 cases being the pulmonary tuberculosis patients and the 3 cases were others. This shows that the increase in postoperative bleeding in the pulmonary tuberculosis is statistically significant(p=0.019). Of the 100 cases, there were 8 mortality cases(8%), with 5 cases from the 81 cases of the lung tumor group(6.1%), 3 cases from the 16 cases of pulmonary tuberculoses group(18.7%).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2002

Background: We performed a phase IV clinical trial to examine the usefulness of a continuous infusion of nicardipine hydrochloride to control hypertension in patients with acute aortic dissection. material and Method: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored before and after the intravenous administration of nicardipine in 31 patients with aortic diseases. The period of nicardipine administration in each patient was from 3 to 14 days. Efficacy was evaluated by determining the average amount of blood pressure reduction on the 3rd day of drug administration. The dosage of another antihypertensive agent was slowly tapered down, and ultimately replaced by the test drug. Result: 28 patients were diagnosed as acute aortic dissection, 2 patients as rupture of the aortic arch aneurysm, and 1 patient as traumatic aortic rupture. Mean age was 53.9 $\pm$ 14.9(29~89) years, and 21 patients(67.7%) were male. 14 patients(32.3%) had complications associated with underlying aortic disease: aortic insufficiency in 7, hemopericardium in 6, acute renal failure in 1, paraplegia in 1, lower extremity ischemia in 1, and hemothorax in 1. The time needed to reach the target blood pressure was within 15 minutes in 16, from 15 to 30 minutes in 10, from 30 to 45 minutes in 3 and from 45 to 60 minutes in 2, and their baseline average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) were 147$\pm$23, 82.3$\pm$ 18.6, and 104 $\pm$ 18, respectively. Average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) on the third day of nicardipine infusion were 119$\pm$ 12, 69$\pm$9, and 86$\pm$8, and they all showed statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). The average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure(mmHg) after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion were 119 $\pm$ 15, 71 $\pm$ 14, and 86$\pm$ 13, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the average pressures measured on the third day and those measured after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion, and no definite side effects were observed during the study period. Conclusion: Nicardipine hydrochloride was both effective and safe at controlling blood pressure in patients with acute aortic dissection.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1978

1) The decrease in strength of Raschel twines at Raschel joints is regarded to be due mainly to the frictional force between yarns and the unbalanced tensile distribution by the deformation of the joints. The rate of the decrease is about $13\%$ in lengthwise pull and 22 to $26\%$ in breadthwise pull. 2) The 3-course joint is less in deformation and stronger than the 2-course joint in all cases of pulls. 3) The variation of Raschel joint strength $T_R$ with the angle $\varphi$ between the adjacent bars is expressed as $T_R=T_{R0}-k\varphi$ where $T_{R0}$ is the strength at $\varphi=0^{\circ}$ and K is a constant. 4) The tensile strength ${\sigma}R$ and tile breaking energy $E_R$ of Raschel netting are given by $${\sigma}R=KN\;or\;${\sigma}R=T_RN$$ and $$E_R=AN$$ respectively, where N is the number of meshes at the pulling side, and K and A are constants. But the breaking energy of the netting is almost constant independent of tile variation of N. 5) The Raschel netting with some bars cut already breaks from tile joints of the bars next to the cut bars and its tensile strength, breaking energy, and breaking elongation decrease largily even if only one bar is in already cut state. 6) The tearing strength of Raschel netting is almost equal to the tensile strength of its single joint pulled by two bars. 7) The twisted joint is much more excellent in strength than the knot or the Raschel joint. The knot strength is 69 to $76\%$, and the Raschel joint strength is 71 to $74\%$ in lengthwise pull and 62 to $67\%$ in breadthwise pull, respectively, of the twisted joint strength.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-140
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• 2006

Background: In practicing qigong, People must achieve three Points : adjust their Posture, control their breathing and have a peace of mind. That is, Cho-Sin [調身] , Cho-Sik [調息] , Cho-Sim [調心] . Slow respiration is the important pattern of respiration to improve the human health. However, unsuitable breathing training have been occurred to mental disorder such as insomnia, anorexia etc. So, we think that the breathing training to consider the individual variations are desired. Objectives: We performed this study to examine the physiological effects of controlled respiration on the normal range of frequency domain electroencephalogram(EEC) in healthy subjects Also, to study examine individual variations according to the physiological effects between controlled respiration and Han-Yeol [寒熱] , respiration period, gender and age-related groups on the EEC in healthy subjects. Methods: When the subjects controlled the time of breathing (inspiration and expiration time) consciously, compared with natural respiration, and that their physiological phenomena are measured by EEC. In this research we used breathing time as in a qigong training (The Six-Word Excise) and observed physiological phenomena of the controlled natural respiration period with the ratio of seven to three(longer inspiration) and three to seven(longer expiration) . We determined, heat-cold score by Han-Yeol [寒熱] questionnaire, average of natural respiration period, according to decade, EEC of 140 healthy subjects (14 to 68 years old; 38 males, 102 females) by means of alpha, beta spectral relative power. Results: 1) In Controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}\;I\;(Fp2)\;and\;{\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) decreased on the EEC. 2) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) increased with cold group, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with heat group, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2)increased with cold group in longer inspiration. But by means of compound effects, ${\alpha}$ II(F3) increased with cold group in longer inspiration, the other side ${\alpha}$ I (F3) decreased with heat group in controlled respiration on the EEC. 3) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) decreased with decreased-respiratory-rate(D.R.R.) group, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) increased with D.R.R. and D.R.R. groups, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with D.R.R. group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with D.R.R. group on the EEG. 4) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, F3, F4) increased with female cup, ${\beta}$ I (Fp2) increased with male and female groups, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with male group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased with female group on the EEC. 5) Compared with the natural respiration, in longer expiration ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased in their forties group, in longer inspiration ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased in their fifties group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl) decreased in teens group on the EEG.