• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.943-949
• /
• 2010

When PCB soldering is performed with microscope due to the electronic components' microminiaturization, workers' awkward upper body postures and difficulties being in focus among lens, object and eyes are one of reasons for productivity decline. The object of this study is to investigate the level of difficulties of work and the extent of productivity improvement by changing work interfaces from the work using microscope to the work using LCD monitor. Independent variables was usage of microscope and image system and dependent variables were upper body segments including neck, shoulder, back, and waist, task convenience and eye fatigue. The Visual Analogue Scale (10cm) was used for questionnaire and one way ANOVA (two levels) and two sample t-test were conducted. In addition, RULA rating was conducted for working postures. The result showed that interface changes of LCD monitor, suggested by productivity comparison per one Man Hour, highly contributed to work convenience and productivity improvement.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.182-194
• /
• 2001

The main purpose is to study lines on different body types and to disguise any imperfections by using diverse princess lines. We separated festers body shapes into specific body types, A, H by applying both the direct and the indirect measurements. Following are the results of the study: 1. nose are the resulting illusion effects when the shoulder width of the princess line was fixed. In case of the armhole princess line, the illusion that the waist intervals were narrow or wide in A-line silhouette. In case the shoulder princess line, when the waist interval was narrow, it appeared to show narrow shoulder in A-line silhouette. While the wide waist interval shows the wide shoulder width in H-line silhouette. It regards body type H in the same light as H-line silhouette when the waist interval is narrow, it appeared to show narrow shoulder width in A-line silhouette. When the waist interval was wide, it appeared to give the narrow shoulder width. 2. When the princess lines waist width was fixed in order to study illusion effects of waist widths. Generally, for body type A, Whether the waist interval princess line is narrow or wide, the princess line is located comparatively wide, in A-line silhouette appeared to show relatively slender waist. For body type H, whether the waist interval is narrow or wide, the princess line us situated comparatively narrow interval, H-line silhouette appeared to show sum waist but the differences are not significant 3. The illusion of the hip were studied by fixating the width of the skirt and varying the locations of princess line and waist widths. For the location of both armhole and shoulder princess line in H and A-line silhouette, the narrow shoulder width and the waist appeared to show narrow hips. mile they are wide appeared to show wide hips. 4. With both waist and skirt width fuel, all two body types showed taller and slender postures when the princess line originated from the shoulder compare to the armhole.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.125-134
• /
• 2009

The muscle strengths in various postures are used in our daily life with or without our recognition. Also, many works are still performed with strengths, although mechanization and automation have been fairly accomplished at the industry site. Since the late seventies, various body measurements have been conducted periodically in Korea, however, muscle strengths have not been measured actively. For this reason, the muscle strength data have been hardly accumulated. The aims of this study are to learn more about the physical strength of young-aged Koreans and to provide basic information for designing equipments, tools and facilities in the work site and daily life. The muscle strengths that are related to shoulder and upper limbs joints, which are used frequently, are measured in this study. Eighteen muscle strengths, from seven different movements such as elbow flexion, elbow extension, shoulder abduction(seated), shoulder adduction(seated), shoulder rotation(internal and external), lifting a tray, and turning a key(inward and outward) were measured. For every movement, the muscle strengths for both hands were measured. In each measurement, five seconds averaged value and peak value were collected. Comparing the average value, the strength of shoulder adduction was the strongest for male and female, while strength of turning a key inward with left hand was the weakest for male and female. Strengths of preferred hand in elbow extension, shoulder abduction, shoulder external rotation, lifting a tray, and turning a key were stronger than those of non-preferred hand for both male and female. Rohrer's index considerably had an effect on muscle strength. The results of this study can provide some basic information not only in designing the equipment and facilities in work site or daily life, but also in selection, training and management of workers.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.301-314
• /
• 2017

This study focused on the movement adaptability of $19^{th}$ century classical opera stage costumes. Researchers focused on a basic $19^{th}$ century women's jacket. The study analyzed movement adaptability using ROM (range-of-motion) tests of the upper limb flexion and abduction postures. It developed two research garments to mimic basic $19^{th}$ century style jackets with or without gussets at the axilla. The ROM experiment identified the gusset size as 11cm in length. Experimental postures included upper limb flexion and abduction. The study measured subjective comfort at 8 postures. These postures included the flexion and abduction of the arms and torso. Subjects also evaluated the subjective comfort of the rotation posture of the torso. Researchers evaluated the similarities between research garments' silhouettes and the $19^{th}$ century women's jacket. The study used a 3D virtual fitting system to evaluate fit, and specialists further analyzed fit with photographs and 3D virtual graphics. The results are as follows. The silhouettes of both research garments were similar to the silhouettes of the $19^{th}$ century western women's jacket. The jacket with axilla gusset had a better fit than the basic style jacket. The basic style jacket without the axilla gusset showed limited movement adaptability at the shoulder joint and it caused discomfort at the axilla and elbow. The 3D virtual fit test was not a suitable method for analyzing silhouette similarity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.704-707
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine if complex exercises could improve pressure-pain threshold and postural alignment in university students. Subjects in the CON group did not receive an intervention. Subjects in the EXP1 group were applied stretching exercises after applying hot packs on their both shoulders. Subjects in the EXP2 group were applied complex exercises including stretching, stabilization exercises of shoulder girdle and correction of wrong postures. Changes in pressure-pain threshold in the EXP1 group and EXP2 group were greater than that in the CON group (p<0.05). Changes in VAS scores in the EXP1 group and EXP2 group were greater than that in the CON group (p<0.05). Changes of postural alignment did not significantly differ among three groups (p>0.05). The results of this study indicates that complex exercises including stretching exercises, stabilization exercises of shoulder girdle and correction of wrong postures about neck and scapular can be an effective in reduction of shoulder pain and increase of pressure-pain threshold in women university with shoulder pain.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.41 no.11
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2003

The somatotype classification of this study was to manufacture well-fitted clothes for middle-aged women. The somatotype classification of the upper body of lateral view was based on previous studies, and 4 postures, straight posture, leaning back posture, bent forward posture, and swayback posture were selected for this study. The front of leaning back posture was longer and wider than that of straight posture, and its front neck depth was deeper. Its front interscye breadth was wider and back interscye breadth was narrower. S.N.P. B.P. front waistline length, waist front length, front diagonal length, chest shedder length, front waistline shoulder line length were longer, and S.N.P. scapular back waistline length, back length, back shoulder length, back diagonal length, shoulder line back waistline length were shorter. On the contrary, the front of bent forward posture was shorter and narrower than that of straight posture, and its back neck depth was deeper. The properties of swayback posture were similar to those of bent forward posture. Its front was shorter and narrower, but the results of front neck depth and back neck depth were like those of straight posture.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.219-226
• /
• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of short turn mechanism by describing short turns after kinematic analysis and provide skiers and winter sports instructors with data through which they are able to analyze right postures for turns in skiing in a systematic, rational and scientific manner. Method: For this, a mean difference of kinematic variables (ski-hip angle, ski-shoulder twist angle, pole checking angle, the center of gravity (CG) displacement, trunk forward lean angle) was verified against a total of 12 skiers (skilled and unskilled, 6 persons each), regarding motions from the up-start to down-end points for short turns. Results: There was no difference in a ski-hip twist angle. The ski-shoulder twist angle was large at the up-start point while a pole-checking angle was high at the down-end point in skilled skiers. Concerning the horizontal displacement of CG, skilled skiers were positioned on the right side at the upstart point. No significant difference was observed in the trunk forward lean angle. Conclusion: According to the ski-shoulder twist angle and CG horizontal displacement results, the upper body should be kept leant toward the pole. In addition, big turns should be made via edging and angulation. During pole checking, the hand holding the pole should be thrown and released toward a vector direction of the forearm.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.589-599
• /
• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the upper-limb motions and postures of grapes-harvesting tasks using electrical goniometers and analyze the upper-limb motions in a kinematic way to assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Background: Grapes farmers are exposed to various risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as repetitive upper-limb motions, non-neutral postures, and manual handling of heavy items. The farmers have to use scissors repetitively while harvesting grapes with their being arms elevated over the shoulder height, which presumed to increase the physical workload. It has been reported that the grapes farmers feel the harvesting task as the one of the hardest work in cultivating grapes. We tried measure the wrist and elbow angles while the farmers were carrying out harvesting tasks to understand how much workload the work impose on the farmers, which can be helpful in making interventions of preventing musculosksletal disorders among grapes farmers. Method: We measured joint angles at the right wrist and elbow with a wireless measuring system with two electrical goniometers from five grape farmers. The grapes-harvesting task was classified into 6 different subtasks: 1) searching, 2) picking, 3) cleaning, 4) carrying, 6) storing, and 7) miscellaneous tasks. The subtasks were compared by mean angles, 10%, 50%, and 90% APDF values of wrist flexion/extension, ulnar/radial deviation, and elbow flexion. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis tests showed that the 10th percentiles of APDF of ulnar/radial deviation and flexion/extension of the wrist significantly differs among subtasks (p<0.05). It was found that the farmers assumed more deviated wrist postures in the ulnar direction when they picking and adjusting the grapes. The use of scissors seemed to force the farmers to severely bend their wrist in the directions of ulnar deviation and flexion. The grapes-harvesting task showed similar wrist postures and motion with poultry deboning and milking tasks. Conclusion: The grapes harvesting tasks make the farmers take ulnar deviated and extended postures in the wrist. The use of scissors makes them take more severely deviated postures in the wrist. Safety guidelines including use of ergonomic scissors can be provided to the farmers to improve their work conditions. Application: The results of this study can be used as a basic data for the development of safety guidelines for agricultural work.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.40 no.11
• /
• pp.193-205
• /
• 2002

To evaluate farmers' workload during harvesting grapes in summer, this study investigated farmers' physiological, psychological responses, work postures and thermal environment around in the field. This field study was conducted in the Anseong County of Kyonggi Province at the end of August. Five career farmers (1 male, 4 females) volunteered as subjects. Three of them were over their sixties. During harvesting grapes in the field, physiological responses were monitored continuously. 1. Air temperature (T/sub a/), air humidity(H/sub a/), black globe temperature(T/sub g/), air velocity and WBGT around the grape field were 26.9℃, 77.7%RH, 32.8℃, 0.08㎧ and 26.3℃, respectively. Because farmers started the harvesting task in early morning, thermal environments weren't conditions to give farmers severe heat strain. 2. The percentage of the work postures was larger in order of standing, walking, and bending one's back posture. Particularly, the percentage of standing posture with raising both arms above shoulder of two farmers was up to 29% and 61% of the total work duration. 3. Rectal temperature (T/sub re/), mean skin temperature (T/sub sk/), clothing microclimate temperature (T/sub cl/) on the chest and the back, heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) were 37.2℃, 33.1℃, 32.0℃, 32.4℃, 88bpm and 1.3 Kca1/㎡/min respectively. In the point of these physiological results, we evaluated that the harvesting task was a moderate work. 4. All farmers expressed‘hard, hot, humid and slightly uncomfortable’ at the end of works for each subjective questionnaire. The grape harvesting tasks were not evaluated as a very hard work in the point of physiological work standards. But we considered 1) inappropriate work posture (standing posture with raising both arms above shoulder) and 2) farmers' age as burden factors. These findings suggest that adding adequate protective clothing/equipments for farmers may contribute to maintain their body temperature within the normal range, stabilize HR and decrease psychological strain.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 1982

In this study, we attempted to make an original pattern of clothing for an abnormal type of figure, especially for the type of kyphosis. We measured the curvature of the spine of a woman with kyphosis with a Martin measuring instrument and a silhouetter in the following ways. First, we counted the rate of shrinkage of the standard lines drawn on the surface of the body according as the body moved. Secondly, placing the front and back darts, the front and back shoulder darts and the side darts according to“Munhwa”pattern, we made cubic cuttings of four moving postures as well as the standing one. Thirdly, we superposed the developed patterns of the standing and the moving postures, measuring the position change and the amount of the chaange of the darts, and compared them. The results are as follows: 1) In the developed pattern of a cubic cutting of the basic pattern and the standing posture, the neckhole became larger than that of the basic pattern, and the waist line was lowered than that of the basic pattern because the center back line was shortened due to the curved backbone. 2) As for the change of the standard line according to the movement, we found that the waist line, the center front line, the center back line, the bust width line, the upper back width line and the back width line became longer. Special consideration must be given to the function of the clothing for an abnormal type of figure. 3) The difference of the measurements between the cubic cutting and the body measurement regardless of the body movement is due to a gap by an acute angle at the jutted place between the developed pattern and the body surface. We found that the body measurement of the upper back width line, the back width line and the bust line became larger. Consequently, in making an original clothing pattern, it is desirable that we must not place the front and the back waist darts at the jutted place on the back from the functional and the aesthetic viewpoint of clothing. It is also desirable that we must widen the neckhole because the shoulder angle is close to a straight line due to a jut of the upper back width line.