• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.2 s.110
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• pp.78-86
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• 2005

Hwaseonji(Korean traditional paper) used for writing and painting has been made from the mulberry bast-fiber and the short-length fiber pulps, wood pulps. However, besides wood pulps, other short-length fiber pulps also can be used instead of wood pulps. Hence, this research was carried out to make the various Hwaseonjis with the different properties, using the five kinds of short-length fiber pulps respectively. The short-length fiber pulps used in this research were softwood bleached kraft pulp(SwBKP) hardwood bleached kraft pulp(HwBKP), rice-straw bleached sulfite pulp(RsBSP), bamboo bleached kraft pulp(BbBKP) and recycled pulp from vellem paper(RP). And, the mixture ratios of the mulberry bast-fiber pulp and short-length fiber pulps were 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80. After various Hwaseonjis were made from different mixtures mentioned above with hand-made method, physical properties and chinese ink blot property of each paper were measured. The strengthes were the highest in the Hwaseonji made from the mixture of the mulberry bast-fiber pulp and SwBKP. However, chinese ink blot property and smoothness were better when RsBSP, BbBKP or RP were mixed into the mulberry bast-fiber pulp. As a result, the various kinds of Hwaseonjis which the users can choose based on their needs were made.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

Oriental painting paper (Hwaseonji) was prepared from various kinds of plant fibers and its physical properties were investigated. The fibers used were classified into three different length of fibers; long fiber (<1.8 mm), medium fiber (1.4-1.8 mm) and short fiber (>1.4 mm). The fibers were mixed in the ratio of 15% long fiber, 25% medium fiber and 60% short fiber. The Hwaseonji prepared from mixing of the bamboo or rice straw pulp as a short fiber with the long and medium fibers showed excellent physical properties with a high smoothness and uniformity of Chinese ink blot. Mixing with LBKP as a short fiber was resulted in low physical properties, smoothness and wide ink blot. The properties of Hwaseonji, such as ink absorption, roughness and smoothness, may be predicted from the correlation of density with Chinese ink blot and smoothness.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 1997

This research has been examined to measure the degree of the fiber damage of ozonenation high yield pulp in the beating process. Ozone treated the TMP(Thermomechanical Pulp) and CTMP(Chemithermomechanical Pulp) of spruce and the CTMP of birch has been beaten to be reached 200ml(freeness) of its content. It had been studied the forming of fiber distribution by treatment for long fiber, short fiber, fine with the above method. As ozone treatment time gets longer, the pulp has showed the tendency of increasing the fiber content of 28, 48mesh. Ozone treated fiber has been increased long fiber content by being added softness. By given longer ozone treatment time, the TMP and CTMP of spruce has showed the decreasing of fiber content. On the contrary, CTMP of birch has showed the increasing its fiber content. It had proved that the results of difference are rather closer to the species of tree than closer to the kinds of pulp. The fiber content of over 200mesh which has created in beating process demonstrates the decreasing of its fiber content by getting longer ozone treatment time. The softness of fiber can be extracted by the lignin of fiber surface that had been formed by ozone treatment. Thus we assume that the fiber in the process of beating obtains less physical damage.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.38 no.5 s.118
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

Wet compaction test (WCT) is a fiber evaluation method where wet fibers are compressed at one side of a cylinder and water drains out from the other side. The consistency of the fiber furnishes and their pressures are recorded during the test. In the previous study we found that WCT results always gave better coefficients of determination in fiber furnish drainage, and paper properties (density, tensile, tear, and burst strength) than those of WRV (water retention value). Fiber freeness and fiber length correlated well with drainage and tear strength of the furnishes, respectively; however, their correlations were very much improved by combining the WCT results. In this study, we used the WCT test for fractionated fiber furnishes to see whether improvement of the WCT is possible. We found that strength properties such as breaking length and burst index were correlated better with the fractionated long fiber furnishes. Drainage was greatly affected by the presence of short fiber furnishes. We used bleached chemical pulps (SwBKP, HwBKP), recycled pulp (OCC), and mechanical pulp (BCTMP) as fiber furnishes in this study. Fiber fractionation can be performed on-line in these days by using multifractor and WCT can be used as an on-line test in papermachine in the future.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2001

A newly developed functional fiber for textile, Tencel, which is known to have some advantages over wood fiber such as fibrillation, absorbency and so on, was examined to see the possibility of a raw material for hanji. Hanji was manufactured by the conventional handmade method using Tencel of three different fiber lengths with three different levels of mixing ratio of Tencel and paper mullberry fiber, and their physical and calligraphic properties were evaluated and compared with one another. It was needed to develop more efficient beating methods than conventional one such as valley beating for Tencel to be used effectively as a raw material for hanji. It was found out by image analysis that the calligraphic properties of hanji could be improved by mixing of 10 to 20% of Tencel of relatively short-length fiber with paper mulberry.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.13-23
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• 1998

Two major cellulase components purified with sephadex G-75 and DEAE sepharose were applied to bleached kraft pulp to inverstigate the change of fiber properties. Cellulose viscosity was very sensitive to $C_x$ component treatment (more than 15% drop was observed) while being little influenced by $C_1$, component (only 2% drop). Fiber fraction longer than 2mm was reduced by $C_x$ treatment while short fiber fraction was increased greatly by more than 15%. There was little change in fiber length distribution by combined treatment of $C_1$ 1 and $C_x$ at equal. In this case, fine contents increased by more than 2.5% at equivalent refining time. WRV and Density were increased as the amount of $C_1$ or $C_x$ treatment was increased. $C_{x}$ was main cause for increasing them. But the effect fell as enzyme dosage.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.1 s.119
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• pp.48-55
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• 2007

The aim of this article is to review the general property of the famous traditional Korean paper, "rice straw paper"(Bast-Fiber mixed with straw pulp), and to compare the paper qualities varying with the composition ratio of straw pulp, in order to revive the traditional paper in modem Korea. The experiment was carried out by making first the two different mixture papers, i. e., one is the paper of 50% bast fiber mixed with 50% straw pulp, and the other is the paper of 75% bast fiber with 25% oats straw pulp, and finally the 100% bast fiber paper was made for the purpose of comparison. The qualitative properties of these three kinds of paper with the different mixing ratio of the straw pulp were evaluated, and the findings of the experiment can be summarized as follow: 1. As to the quality aspects of the paper strength like tensile strength, breaking length, elongation, and tear strength, the test proved the 100% bast fiber paper as best, and the 50% mixed paper as the next good one. 2. In aspect of the printing adaptability such as density, opacity, brightness, whiteness, lab colors, air permeability, and roughness, the 50% mixed paper proved to be the best, due to the short cells in the straw pulp. 3. As to the air permeability, the larger ratio of straw pulp was found to be the lesser, and 75% bast fiber with 25% straw pulp mixture paper and the 100% bast fiber one were found 1/5 degree efficient. 4. In terms of the water absorption degree, 100% bast fiber paper was the fastest, but in case of mixture paper, 50% mixed one was a little faster up to the point of 1cm, while the two kinds of mixed ones appear to be almost similar to each other beyond the point. 5. The straw pulp mixed paper, especially the 50% mixed one was evaluated as the highest by the calligraphers who had experienced using the papers in terms of movement and feeling of the caligraphy and painting. In addition, although the 25% mixed paper is judged to be good for book printing because of the strength, the 50% mixed paper can be thought to be more desirable for painting and calligraphy. In conclusion, we will be able to make the quality paper with durability, by mixing the straw pulp with the bast fiber in proper ratio, following the tradition of Korean paper making.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.5 no.1 s.5
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• pp.94-104
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• 1996

This study was carried on paper mulberry bast fibers, which were cut in the length of it's chip by three kinds. And they cooked by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium oxalate (AMOX), and pulping process was studied to inquire some properties of hand made papers. The results were as follows. AMOX pulps had $10\~17\%$ higher than NaOH, but amounts of the residual lignin of it's pulps and residual ash were high, and it surely can't be superior. In the freeness of pulps, AMOX pulps were higher than that of NaOH, but they showed tendency to opposite in view of relation of chip's length kinds. For the AMOX pulps, the physical characteristics test results were higher long fiber pulps than short fiber pulps. Specially, in folding endurance long fiber pulps were a very strong. NaOH pulp's physical characteristics test had shown results that were opposite of there of the AMOX pulps, if the length of the fiber is longer, the strengthts generally decreased. To get the optimum fiber's length according to use of paper and pulping method, they must be fractionate chip's length. The long fibers in NaOH pulps affected the paper quality greatly to length of chips.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.26-32
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• 2004

Chemical compositions and chemical structure of lignin and alkali cooking condition and fiber length of red pepper were investigated and compared to those of woods. The chemical compositions of red pepper were higher component of extraction than that of wood. The contents of carbon and hydrogen of Klason lignin in red pepper were similar to that of pine and birch wood. On the other hand, the contents of oxygen and nitrogen of Klason lignin in the red pepper were higher than that of wood. The result of nitrobenzene oxidation shows that Klason lignin of red pepper was similar to lignin of softwood. The best alkali cooking condition of red pepper was 0.2%-anthraquinone, active alkali of 20% and liquor ratio of 1:7. The fiber length of red pepper was about 0.47 mm. Therefore, the red pepper fiber will be able to use special purpose of short fiber.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.70-76
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• 1999

This study was to measure the potential of nonwoody fibrous material, kenaf. Whole stalk of kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus was separated by two parts of bast and core portion, and cooked separately by alkaline method. Morphological characteristic was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and fiber quality analyzer(FQA). The strength properties of handsheets, made by different mixing ration between kenaf base and core fibers, were measured. Cross-sectional area of bast fibers was smaller than that of core fibers, but the bast fibers had a thick cell wall and narrow lumen area. Bast fibers were longer in length than core fibers. Core fibers had thin cell walls, broad lumen areas, and short lengths, and they had collapsed shape even in water. These characteristics of core fibers affected strength properties of handsheet positively. When the amount of core fibers increased, the strength properties of handsheet were increased. When the amount of bast fibers increased, the handsheet had rougher surface and higher air permeability.