• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.134-142
• /
• 2010

A comparative study on the trade-off between the drive current and the total gate capacitance in double-gate (DG) and triple-gate (TG) FinFETs is performed by using 3-D device simulation. As the first result, we found that the optimum ratio of the hardmask oxide thickness ($T_{mask}$) to the sidewall oxide thickness ($T_{ox}$) is $T_{mask}/T_{ox}$=10/2 nm for the minimum logic delay ($\tau$) while $T_{mask}/T_{ox}$=5/1~2 nm for the maximum intrinsic gate capacitance coupling ratio (ICR) with the fixed channel length ($L_G$) and the fin width ($W_{fin}$) under the short channel effect criterion. It means that the TG FinFET is not under the optimal condition in terms of the circuit performance. Second, under optimized $T_{mask}/T_{ox}$, the propagation delay ($\tau$) decreases with the increasing fin height $H_{fin}$. It means that the FinFET-based logic circuit operation goes into the drive current-dominant regime rather than the input gate load capacitance-dominant regime as $H_{fin}$ increases. In the end, the sensitivity of $\Delta\tau/{\Delta}H_{fin}$ or ${{\Delta}I_{ON}}'/{\Delta}H_{fin}$ decreases as $L_G/W_{fin}$ is scaled-down. However, $W_{fin}$ should be carefully designed especially in circuits that are strongly influenced by the self-capacitance or a physical layout because the scaling of $W_{fin}$ is followed by the increase of the self-capacitance portion in the total load capacitance.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
• /
• 제19권12호
• /
• pp.1435-1444
• /
• 2008

본 논문에서는 짧은 천이길이를 갖는 감소단축도파관(redured-height waveguide) 대 마이크로스트립 모드 변환기(mode converter)를 설계하였다. 모드 변환기는 E-평면 프로브를 이용한 모드 변환기와 변형된 임피던스 변환기로 구성되어진다. E-평면 프로브를 이용한 모드 변환기는 50 ohm 릿지(ridge) 도파관의 릿지 상단에 단락된 프로브를 이용하여 설계하였다. 이 모드 변환기에 이용된 50 ohm 릿지 도파관과 감소단축도파관을 연결하기 위해 변형된 임피던스 변환기를 설계하였다. 이와 같이 구성된 전체 모드 변환기의 대역을 넓히기 위해, 두 구조의 결합도를 조정하였다. 저손실 및 Ku-대역 전체에서 동작하도록 구조를 최적화한 후 모드 변환기를 제작하였다 제작된 2개의 모드 변환기를 직접 연결(thru)한 S-파라미터와 모드 변환기 사이에 라인(line) 도파관을 삽입한 후 S-파라미터를 측정하였다. 측정된 2개의 S-파라미터를 이용하여 단일 모드 변환기의 성능을 추출하였다. 이렇게 추출된 모드 변환기의 성능은 커텍터 손실을 포함하고 있어, 커백터 손실을 측정하여 보상하였다. 모드변환기는 직각구조로 7.2 mm의 천이길이를 가지며, 중심 주파수에서 0.12 dB 삽입 손실과 Ku 전대역에서 10dB 이상의 반사 손실을 갖는 우수한 특성을 보였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제10권5호
• /
• pp.1143-1179
• /
• 2016

Offshore wind turbines are considered as a fundamental part to develop substantial, alternative energy sources. In this highly flexible structures, monopiles are usually used as support foundations. Since the monopiles are large diameter (3.5 to 7 m) deep foundations, they result in extremely stiff short monopiles where the slenderness (length to diameter) may range between 5 and 10. Consequently, their elastic deformation patterns under lateral loading differ from those of small diameter monopiles usually employed for supporting structures in offshore oil and gas industry. For this reason, design recommendations (API and DNV) are not appropriate for designing foundations for offshore wind turbine structures as they have been established on the basis of full-scale load tests on long, slender and flexible piles. Furthermore, as these facilities are very sensitive to rotations and dynamic changes in the soil-pile system, the accurate prediction of monopile head displacement and rotation constitutes a design criterion of paramount importance. In this paper, the Fourier Series Aided Finite Element Method (FSAFEM) is employed for the determination of static impedance functions of monopiles for OWT subjected to horizontal force and/or to an overturning moment, where a non-homogeneous soil profile has been considered. On the basis of an extensive parametric study, and in order to address the problem of head stiffness of short monopiles, approximate analytical formulae are obtained for lateral stiffness $K_L$, rotational stiffness $K_R$ and cross coupling stiffness $K_{LR}$ for both rough and smooth interfaces. Theses expressions which depend only on the values of the monopile slenderness $L/D_p$ rather than the relative soil/monopile rigidity $E_p/E_s$ usually found in the offshore platforms designing codes (DNV code for example) have been incorporated in the expressions of the OWT natural frequency of four wind farm sites. Excellent agreement has been found between the computed and the measured natural frequencies.

• 한국항해항만학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.235-243
• /
• 2002

황섬유의 최저손실 파장영역인 $1.55\mu\textrm{m}$에서 고출력으로 안정하게 농작하는 광센서용 광원인 반도체 레이저를 제작하기 위하여 이론적인 해석을 수행한 후 제작하였다. 활성영역과 SCH층의 재료는 $Ln_{1-x}Ga_xAs_yP_{1-y}$를 사용하였다. 광센서용 광원으로 사용되기 위해서는 넓은 스펙트럼 폭을 가지며, 가간섭 길이가 짧은 특성을 가지는 조건을 만족해야 한다. 따라서, 반도체 레이저에서 레이징을 억제시켜 줌으로써 넓은 스펙트럼 폭을 가지도록 설계를 하였고, 광섬유와 결합효율을 높일 수 있도록 tapered 형태의 스트라입 구조를 채택하여 마스크 패턴을 형성하였다. 또한, 레이징을 억제하기 위하여 후면에 윈도우 영역을 두었고, 측방향으로 경사각을 두어 반사도를 낮추도록 설계 및 제작하였다. 7도와 15도의 측면 경사각을 가지는 구조와 굽은 스트라입 구조를 가지는 소자를 제작하여 특성을 측정한 결과, 광센서용 광원으로서 적용이 가능한 광출력 특성과 넓은 스펙트럼 폭을 가졌다.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.714-720
• /
• 1998

The differential pressure venturi-cone flowmeter is an advanced flowmeter which has many advantages such as wide range of measurement, high accuracy, excellent flow turn-down ratio, low headless, short installation pipe length requirement, and etc. Like other differential pressure flowmeters, the venturi-cone flowmeter uses the law of energy conservation, but its shape and position make it perform better than others. The cone acts as its own flow conditioner and mixer, fully conditioning and mixing the flow prior to measurement. For the analysis, we used Reynolds-averaged Wavier-Stokes equations and k-$\omega$ turbulence model. The equations were fully transformed into the computational domain, the pressure-velocity coupling was made through SIMPLER algorithm, and the equations were discretized using finite analytic solutions of the liberalized equations(Finite Analytic Method). To control the separation phenomenon on the cone surface, we proposed a new shape of cone, and analyzed the flowfield in the new flowmeter system, and found the improvement on the performance of the new cone flowmeter.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
• /
• 제3A권4호
• /
• pp.222-230
• /
• 2003

This paper presents reference designs for vapor-cooled HTS/Copper leads rated at 25 kA and 40 kA and that satisfy a protection criterion. Each HTS section is cooled by the effluent helium vapor boiling from a 4.2-K bath. Each HTS section is based on a design concept in which a short portion of its warm end (77.3 K) operates in the current-sharing mode; such operation results in a considerable saving for HTS materials required in the HTS section. Two designs of "fully superconducting" vapor-cooled HTS sections, one rated at 25 kA and the other at 40 kA are also presented as comparison bases for the new HTS sections. Each warm end of HTS sections is coupled to an optimal vapor-cooled copper lead rated at the same current as that for the HTS section. The extra coolant required at 77.3 K at the coupling station, an optimal length of the copper section will be shorter than that optimized for helium-vapor cooling between 4.2 K and room temperature.mperature.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.683-705
• /
• 2016

A semi-active algorithm for edgewise vibration control of the spar-type floating offshore wind turbine (SFOWT) blades, nacelle and spar platform is developed in this paper. A tuned mass damper (TMD) is placed in each blade, in the nacelle and on the spar to control the vibrations for these components. A Short Time Fourier Transform algorithm is used for semi-active control of the TMDs. The mathematical formulation of the integrated SFOWT-TMDs system is derived by using Euler-Lagrangian equations. The theoretical model derived is a time-varying system considering the aerodynamic properties of the blade, variable mass and stiffness per unit length, gravity, the interactions among the blades, nacelle, spar, mooring system and the TMDs, the hydrodynamic effects, the restoring moment and the buoyancy force. The aerodynamic loads on the nacelle and the spar due to their coupling with the blades are also considered. The effectiveness of the semi-active TMDs is investigated in the numerical examples where the mooring cable tension, rotor speed and the blade stiffness are varying over time. Except for excessively large strokes of the nacelle TMD, the semi-active algorithm is considerably more effective than the passive one in all cases and its effectiveness is restricted by the low-frequency nature of the nacelle and the spar responses.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.589-598
• /
• 2001

The fracture of acrylic resin dentures remains an unsolved problem. Therefore, many investigations have been performed and various approaches to strengthening acrylic resin, for example, the reinforcement of heat-cured PMMA resin using glass fibers, have been suggested over the years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short glass fibers treated with silane coupling agent on the transverse strength of heat-polymerized PMMA denture base resin. To avoid fiber bunching and achieve even fiber distribution, glass fiber bundles were mixed with PMMA powder in conventional mixer whose blade was modified to be blunt. Composite of glass fiber($11{\mu}m$ diameter, 3mm & 6mm length, silane treated) and PMMA resin was made. Transverse strength and Young's modulus were estimated. Glass fibers were incorporated with 1%, 3%, 6% and 9% by weight. Plasticity and workability of dough was evaluated. Fracture surface of specimens was investigated by SEM. The results of this study were as follows 1. 6% and 9% incorporation of 3mm glass fibers in the PMMA resin enhanced the transverse strength of the test specimens(p<0.05). 2. 6% incorporation of 6mm glass fibers in the PMMA resin increased transverse strength, but 9% incorporation of it decreased transverse strength(p<0.05). 3. When more than 3% of 3mm glass fibers and more than 6% of 6mm glass fibers were incorporated, Young's modulus increased significantly(p<0.05). 4. Workability decreased gradually as the percentage of the fibers increased. 5. Workability decreased gradually as the length of the fibers increased. 6. In SEM and LM, there was no bunching of fibers and no shortening of fibers.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.257-264
• /
• 2003

Tunnelling in water bearing soils influences the ground water regime. It has been indicated in the literature that the existence of ground water above a tunnel influences tunnel stability and the settlement profile. Only limited research, however, has been done on ground water movements around tunnels and their influence on tunnel performance. Time dependent soil behaviour can be caused by the changes of pore water pressure and/or the viscous properties of soil(creep) under the stress change resulting from the advance of the tunnel face. De Moor(1989) demonstrated that the time dependent deformations due to tunnelling are mainly the results of pore pressure dissipation and should be interpreted in terms of effective stress changes. Drainage into tunnels is governed by the permeability of the soil, the length of the drainage path and the hydraulic boundary conditions. The potential effect of lime dependent settlement in a shallow tunnel is likely to occur rapidly due to the short drainage path and possibly high coefficient of consolidation. Existing 2D modelling methods are not applicable to these tunnelling problems, as it is difficult to define empirical parameters. In this paper the time-based 2D modelling method is adopted to account for the three dimensional effect and time dependent behaviour during tunnel construction. The effect of coupling between the unloading procedure and consolidation during excavation is profoundly investigated with the method. It is pointed out that realistic modelling can be achieved by defining a proper permeability at the excavation boundary and prescribing appropriate time for excavation Some guidelines for the numerical modelling of drained and undrained excavation has been suggested using characteristic time factor. It is highlighted that certain range of the factor shows combined effect between the unloading procedure due to excavation and consolidation during construction.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.486-493
• /
• 2010

본 논문에서는 급격한 감쇄율 특성을 갖는 독창적인 초광대역(UWB: Ultra Wideband) 스트립라인 대역 통과 여파기(BPF)를 소개한다. 초광대역의 특성은 기본적으로 "+"자 공진기와 주 전송 선로간의 용량성 결합으로부터 얻어진다. "+" 자 공진기는 ${\lambda}/2$의 전송 선로의 중심에 두 개의 스터브를 병렬 연결된 구조를 가진다. 하나는 ${\lambda}/8$ 단락 회로 스터브로 ${\lambda}/2$ 전송 선로의 상측에 연결되고, 다른 하나는 ${\lambda}/8$ 개방 회로 스터브로 ${\lambda}/2$ 전송 선로의 하측에 연결된다. 이 두 개의 스터브들은 통과 대역의 하단과 상단의 차단주파수에서 두 개의 감쇄극을 제공한다. "+" 자 공진기 상측에 위치하여 용량성 결합을 이루는 주 전송 선로는 입력과 출력 선로에 또 한 번의 ${\lambda}/4$ 길이의 용량성 결합을 하여 통과 대역 하부과 상부의 저지 대역에서 원하지 않는 신호를 억압하기 위해 구성하였다. 본 여파기는 미국에서 허가한 초광대역(3.1~10.6 GHz)의 대역에서 선택도가 우수한 대역 통과 특성을 얻기 위해 2.4 GHz와 11.1 GHz에서 81 dB/GHz와 86 dB/GHz의 기울기를 제공하는 두 개의 전송 영점(감쇄극)을 갖도록 설계되었다. 본 여파기는 유전상수 7.8을 갖는 저온 동시 소성 세라믹(LTCC) 그린테이프로 제작되었다. 측정 결과는 HFSS 해석 결과와 거의 일치하였다. 통과 대역에서 0.7 dB 이하의 삽입 손실과 14 dB 이상의 반사 손실이 측정되었다. 중심 주파수 군 위상 지연은 0.27 ns이고, 통과 대역에서 군 위상 지연의 변화량은 0.5 ns 이하이다. 본 여파기의 크기는 $6{\times}18{\times}0.6\;mm^3$이다.