• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1997

In industrial designing of ready-to-wear shoes, one important factor to consider is that the population has diverse fooot shapes as well as foot length. The general shape of a foot could be represented by "foot ratio", i.e. the ratio of width to length. In this study, we measured several dey aspects of young Korean men's foot, and compared the results with their shoe sizes and general foot shapes. To this end, 172 male subjects were categorized according to their shoe size (small, medium, large) or foot ratio (wide, narrow, intermediate). The statistics of this survey indicated that the people with narrow foot shap have significantly greater foot length compared with the one having wide foot shape. Conversely, subjects having wide foot shape manifested significantly greater foot and ankle girth as well as significantly greater foot breadth. However, different foot shape groups showed no significant differences in heel width, heel ankle girth, instep height, and malleolus height. On the other hand, subjects wearing larger shoe size showed significantly larger foot measurements except instep and ankle heights, whereas subjects with shoe sizes 260 and below measured significantly more narrow heel and lateral metatarsal breadths. The deviation between foot length and dress shoe size(length) was greater in groups with wide foot shape and in groups wearing large shoe sizes. The results of this survey indicated that the subjects with wide foot shape apparently choose a size or two larger shoes for them as a compromise for a better breadth fit.eadth fit.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.226-231
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• 1999

A composition brake shoe composed of iron, graphite, kevlar, barium sulphate, etc. was developed for Diesel locomotives. The density distribution of the shoe depends on groove shapes of the shoe (or punch shape). In this study, we investigated the influence of the punch shape on the density distribution, stresses, etc. The inclination of the groove exerts more influence on the density distribution than the groove filet radius.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between women's shoes wearing trait and their foot shape. 203 women in their twenties were participated in the experiment. The subjects' feet were measured with a 3D foot scanner and their foot shapes were classified into five types by factor analysis and cluster analysis in the previous study. In addition to the five foot types, three foot types classified by foot index were also utilized for this study. This study analyzed the trait of their shoe wearing and the areas of discomfort on the foot when they wore shoes. The results of the experiment show that the size of shoe size-foot size mismatching and the foot areas of discomfort wearing shoes were differentiate by foot types. It shows that the subjects with long foot, wide fore foot shape, or fore foot angle deformity wore larger size shoes than their foot size. The foot areas of discomfort with wearing shoes were different according to the foot types. Subjects with wide fore foot shape or fore foot angle deformity had discomfort at the front shoe area. The subjects with straight toes had the least discomfort. The foot discomfort areas differentiated according to foot index type. The foot types with wide ball width experienced discomfort at the front of the ball and the top of the foot.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.808-812
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• 2003

We need a lot of manpower and we can cut down a labor cost by applying industrial robots the footwear bonding automation process. In this study, we suggest how to program off-line robot path along a shoe's outsole shape in the footwear bonding process by 5-axis microscribe system like robot arms. This microscribe system development consists 5-axis microscribe mechanics, signal processing circuit, and PC with software. It is the system for making database of a shoe's outsole through the movement of a microscribe with many joints. To do this, first read 5-encoders' pulse values while a robot arm points a shoe's outsole shape from the initial status. Then, calculate a relative shoe's outsole by Denavit-Hatenberg's (D-H) direct Kinematics of known length of links and coordinate values. Next, calculate the encoders' pulse values of the robot arm's rotation and transmitting the angle pulse values to the PC through a circuit. Finally, it is able to display a shoe's outsole at real-time by computing the Denvavit-Hantenberg's (D-H) direct kinematics in the PC. With the coordinate values calculated above, we can draw a bonding gauge-line on the upper. Also, we can make off-line robot path programming compute a shoe's bonding area on the upper. These results will be effectively applied for programming a robot path on off-line and automatically.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of the patients and therapeutic shoes for diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Forty two diabetic patients who had their own therapeutic shoes which were prescribed somewhere else were studied from March 2003 to December 2003. There were 27 males and 15 females, and the mean age was 62.1 years (range, 49-72 years). Duration of diabetes was average 14 years (range, $6{\sim}30$ years), all had type 2 diabetes. Sensation was examined with 5.07 nylon monofilament. The route of purchasing the shoes, compliance to the prescribed shoes were investigated by interview. The shape of shoe, stiffness of upper, conformity of insole to the shape of the foot were recorded. In-shoe plantar pressure was measured in 15 patients. Results: Eighteen patients were insensate to the monofilament. Seven patients did not wear the therapeutic shoes, and only 18 of 35 patients were wearing the therapeutic shoes more than 6 hours a day. The shoes of 17 patients were prescribed by medical doctor and the rest were purchased by the recommendation of acquaintances or advertisement. Ulcer recurred in four of five patients to whom the shoe was prescribed by medical doctor and the cause of three recurrences were evident by just observing the foot and shoe. The therapeutic shoes were made from 11 different makers. Eight shoes were adequate for diabetic patients with respect to the material, shape of insole, type of shoe. In-shoe plantar pressure was examined in 15 patients and was less than 300 kPa in all patients. Conclusion: The therapeutic shoes for the diabetic patients need to be prescribed by medical doctor for selective patients with neuropathy or previous history of ulcer and follow-up examination is important to monitor the compliance of the patients and adequacy of the shoes.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.78-81
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 국내 철도차량에 적용되는 제륜자에 대해 차륜마모, 제동성능, 차량성능 측면에서 조사되어지고 평가되어진다. 국내의 제륜자 특성 및 형상이 비교, 평가되어지며 국내 철도 차량에 적합한 특성 및 형상을 추천하고자 한다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.156-158
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• 2008

Along the various gap distance between shoe and swash plate and pocket diameter, lifting force of piston shoe during the compressing stage was calculated. The flow in piston, orifice, shoe, and back space was considered to be 2-dimension axisymmetric and analysed by Fluent, a commercial CFD Software. The wall boundary condition was given as nonslip and adiabatic, while the change in fluid viscosity was considered as linear along temperature. Calculated lifting force and oil leakage of shoe was used in the design of a pump to confirm the shape of the shoe.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2007

Shoe's size and shape are determined by the last that takes shape of foot because last is the mold of shoe in development and manufacturing process. Then adaptation between foot and shoe is dependent on the last. In mass shoe production, model size is developed in the first place, other sized lasts are made through the grading process based on model size. The most important factor in grading system is grading deviation that must be same amount induced from foot measuring database. At present, most of the last manufacturing companies in korea using 260mm as a standard foot model size. When length grading deviation is 5mm, the ball girth grading deviation is 3.7mm and the ball width grading deviation is 1.2mm. I verified existing grading system by comparing grading results with foot measuring data. Also, I proposed reasonable grading deviation and application method of grading system. From the analysis of foot measuring database, reasonable grading deviations are 1.22mm in ball width and 0.84mm in ankle height in case of length grading deviation is 5mm. I confirmed that the current grading system is very accurate. When we grade last from 230mm to 290mm by current grading system based on model size 260mm, there is grading error over 1mm in the front outside area of foot. This error level of 1mm is no problem in normal walking shoe's last, but it induces adaptation problems in sports and special purposed shoe's last. Therefore using of three standard model size is recommended in grading men's last for reducing grading deviation error under the level of 1mm. It is specifically described as 235mm in 225-245mm, 260mm in 250-270mm, 285mm in 275-295mm. According to the above recommended grading system, it is enough to measure only three foot sizes in case of foot measuring project for men's last development.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2003

한국인의 발 형태 또는 치수를 측정하거나 비교한 연구는 과거에도 이루어진 바가 있다 그러나 측정 후 제화를 만들면서 제화를 고부가로 만들기 위한 제화에 대한 고객의 요구사항이나 불만, 가격 대, 색깔 등을 조사하는 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구는 기초 기반기술의 핵심이 되는 족형 개발기술의 선결과제로써, 한국인들이 원하는 구두에 대한 요구조사 분석을 통하여 소비자가 느끼는 구두의 문제점 원하는 사항 등을 파악하여, 이를 족형의 설계에 반영함으로 구두 산업의 생산성 향상을 통한, 고부가 가치산업으로의 방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The purpose of this study were to analyze the anthropometric data of feet of Korean women with aging, to categorize the women's foot shapes, and to compare the shoe size according to the foot shapes in order to provide the basic information for more comfortable shoes. Subjects of this study were 181 women over age 20. They were measured with the direct measurement method and the indirect measurement method. 26 items were measured from the right foot and 6 items were taken on foot outline. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, post-hoc test, and cross tabs were peformed for statistical analysis of the data by SPSS program. There were significant differences in height items, breadth items, girth items, and angle items by subjects' age. The older subjects' feet were wide and thick with big deformity on toes. The arch height of the older ones was low. This implicates that the degree of deformity on toes, the foot ratio, the foot girth, the foot breath and the arch height as well as the foot length are needed to be considered in developing comfortable shoes. Nine foot construction factors were extracted by the factor analysis of anthropometric measurements; foot size factor, heel and instep factor, malleolus lateralis factor, malleolus medialis factor, foot shape factor, shape of toes factor, heel height factor, big toe height factor, and internal factor. On the basis of the cluster analysis, three different foot shapes were categorized. Type 1 was large and wide foot with little deformity on little toe. Type 2 was medium foot with deformation of big toe, and with the lowest arch height. Type 3 was small and narrow foot with the highest arch height. Distribution of shoe size according to the foot shape was analyzed. The ball of foot breath was of wide distribution than the ball of foot girth. This implicates that girth items and breath items of the foot should be enclosed for the same foot length in the shoe sizing system.