• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1628-1631
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• 2005

Ship Autopilots are usually designed based on the PD and Pill controllers because of simplicity, reliability and easy to construct. However their performance in various environmental conditions is not as good as desired. This disadvantage can be overcome by adjusting works or constructing adaptive controllers. But those methods are complex and not easy to do. This paper presents a new method for constructing a Ship Autopilot based on the combination of Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) and Linear Control Theory (Pill control). The new Ship Autopilot has the advantages of both the Pill and FLC control methodologies: easy to construct, and optimal control laws can be established based on ship masters' knowledge. Therefore, the new ship autopilot can be well adapted with parameter variations and strong environment effects. Simulation using MATLAB software for a ship with real parameters shows high effectiveness of the Fuzzy Pill autopilot in course keeping and course changing manoeuvres in comparison with the ordinary Pill ship autopilots.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.619-621
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• 2005

This paper proposes apractical design method for ship-to-ship missiles' autopilot. When the pre-designed analogue autopilot is implemented in digital way, theygenerally suffer from severe performance degradation and instability problem even for a sufficiently small sampling time. Also, aerodynamic uncertainties can affect the overall stability and this happens more severely when the nonlinear autopilot is digitally implemented. In order to realize a practical autopilot, two main issues, digital implementation problem and compensation for the aerodynamic uncertainties, are considered in this paper. MIMO (multi-input multi-output) nonlinear autopilot is presented first and the input and output of the missile are discretized for implementation. In this step, the discretization effect is compensated by designing an additional control input. Finally, we design a parameter adaptation law to compensate the control performance. Stability analysis and 6-DOF (degree-of-freedom) simulations are presented to verify the proposed adaptive autopilot.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

When a ship is course-keeping in the open seas, autopilot system is adapted. The design of autopilot system is very important for improvement of ship′s element research. Automatic steering system consists of autopilot device, power unit, steering gear, magnetic or gyro compass and ship dynamics. In order to evaluate automatic steering system of ships in open seas. we need to know the characteristics of each component of the system, and also to know the characteristics of disturbance to ship dynamics. In this paper, I provide evaluation method of autopilot navigation system of the fishing ship. Prediction method based on the principle of linear superposition is introduced for irregular disturbance. For the evaluation of automatic steering system of a ship, "performance index" is introduced from the viewpoint of energy saving and calculation method is frequency response analysis. Finally, I carried out calculation of sensitivity of control constants of autopilot with various conditions of ocean environments.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.255-270
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• 2006

In this paper, a design method of nonlinear autopilot for ship-to-ship missiles is proposed. Ship-to-ship missiles have strongly coupled dynamics through roll, yaw, and pitch channel in comparison with general STT type missiles. Thus it becomes difficult to employ previous control design method directly since we should find three different solutions for each control fin deflection and should verify the stability for more complicated dynamics. In this study, we first propose a control loop structure for roll, yaw, and pitch autopilot which can determine the required angles of all three control fins. For yaw and pitch autopilot design, missile model is reduced to a minimum phase model by applying a singular perturbation like technique to the yaw and pitch dynamics. Based on this model, a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear autopilot is designed. And the stability is analyzed considering roll influences on dynamic couplings of yaw and pitch channel as well as the aerodynamic couplings. Some additional issues on the autopilot implementation for these coupled missile dynamics are discussed. Lastly, 6-DOF (degree of freedom) numerical simulation results are presented to verify the proposed method.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.13-26
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• 1985

The purpsoe of automatic steering system is to keep the ship's course stable with the minimum course error and rudder angle, and there have been a number of studies as to the optimal design and adjustment of the autopilot. Recently, modern control theories are being used widely in analyzing and designing the system. When a ship is at sea, autopilot installed on the ship plays an important role, particularly in the respect of economic aspects, that is, when the design and the adjustment of adjustable parameters are not conducted perfectly, the amount of loss in energy and the extension of sailing distance become large. Therefore the optimal design and adjustment of a autopilot are very important. Though P.I.D type autopilots are widely spread and generally used in modern ships, the suitability and the adjusting method are not clarified. In this paper the authors considered the stabilaity and the economical efficiency of the P.I.D. type autopilot and investigated various facts which should be considered at the time of designing and using the P.I.D. type autopilot through the digital computer simulation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.699-703
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• 2004

The autopilot system targets decreasing labor, working environment, service safety security and elevation of service efficiency. Ultimate purpose is minimizing number of crew for guarantee economical efficiency of shipping service. Recently, being achieving research about Course Keeping Control, Track Keeping Control, Roll-Rudder Stabilization, Dynamic ship Positioning and Automatic Mooring Control etc. which compensate nonlinear characteristic using optimizing control technique. And application research is progressing using real ship on actual field. Relation of Rudder angle which adjusted by Steering Machine and ship-heading angle are non-linear. And, Load Condition of ship acts as non-linear element that influence to Parameter of ship. Also, because the speed of a current and direction of waves, velocity and quantity of wind etc. that id disturbance act in non-linear form, become factor who make service of shipping painfully. Therefore, service system of shipping requires robust control algorithm that can overcome nonlinearity. In this paper, Using GA algorithm,design autopilot system of ship that could overcome the non-linear factor of ship and disturbance and examined result through simulation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.720-723
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• 2005

Ship motion is a complex controlled process with several hydrodynamic parameters that vary in wide ranges with respect to ship load condition, speed and surrounding conditions (such as wind, current, tide, etc.). Therefore, to effectively control ships in a designed track is always an important task for ship masters. This paper presents an effective adaptive autopilot ships that ensure the optimal accuracy, economy and stability characteristics. The PID control methodology is modified and parameters of a PID controller is designed to satisfy conditions for an optimal objective function that comprised by heading error, resistance and drift during changing course, and loss of surge velocity or fuel consumption. Designing of the controller for course changing process is based on the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) control theory, while as designing of the automatic course keeping process is based on the Self Tuning Regulator (STR) control theory. Simulation (using MATLAB software) in various disturbance conditions shows that in comparison with conventional PID autopilots, the designed autopilot has several notable advantages: higher course turning speed, lower swing of ship bow even in strong waves and winds, high accuracy of course keeping, shorter time of rudder actions smaller times of changing rudder direction.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.296-300
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• 2003

The autopilot system targets decreasing labor, working environment improvement, service safety security and elevation of service efficiency. Ultimate purpose is minimizing number of crew for guarantee economical efficiency of shipping service. Recently, being achieving research about Course Keeping Control, Track Keeping Control, Roll-Rudder Stabilization. Dynamic Ship Positioning and Automatic Mooring Control etc. which compensate nonlinear characteristic using optimizing control technique. And application research is progressing using real ship on actual field. Relation of Rudder angle which adjusted by Steering Machine and ship-heading angle are non-linear. And Load Condition of ship as non-linear element that influence to Parameter of ship. Also, because the speed of a current and direction of waves, velocity and quantity of wind etc. that is disturbance act in non-linear from, become factor who make serv ice of shipping painfully. Therefore, service system of shipping requires robust control algorithm that can overcome nonlinearity. In this paper, Using fuzzy algorithm ,Design autopilot system of ship that could overcome the non-linear factor of ship and disturbance and examined result through simulation.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2008

When performing steering by an autopilot (automatic steering gear), a sensitivity adjustment is mainly determined by P value and D value. These values differ in the optimal combination by model of ship and external forces. This research was carried out simulation case studies and examined movement of Pure Car Carrier, which easily received ship by wind pressure influence in low speed We investigated the relation of horizontal migration(transfer) of ship's body and P-D value. Based on it, four parameters of P-D at approaching berth could be suggested Hence there were suggestions of parameters; Distance to maximum lee point, Time to maximum lee point, Time to return to original course and Time to 300th second. The correlation of these parameters and P-D value were also considered. As a result, we think that this index, like formulated P-D, leads to an easy and safe navigation by utilizing these indices.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2001

In this paper, an automatic route tracking algorithm using the position variables and the yaw angle of a ship is suggested, Since most autopilot systems paly only a role of course-keeping by integrating the gyrocompass output, they cannot cope with position errors between the desired route and real route of the ship resulted from a drifting and disturbances such as wave, wind and currents during navigation. In order for autopilot systems to track the desired route, a method which can reduce such position errors is required and some algorithms have been proposed[1,2]While such were turned out effective methods, they have a shortage that the rudder control actions for reducing the position errors are occurred very frequently. In order to improve this problem it is necessary to convert that error into the corresponding yaw angle and necessary to treat only yaw angle control problem. To do this a command generation algorithm which converts the rudder angle command reducing the current position error into they yaw angle command is suggested. To control the ship under disturbances and nonlinearities of the ship dynamics, the adaptive fuzzy controller is developed. Finally, through computer simulations for two ship models, the effectiveness of the suggested method and the possibility of the automatic route tracking are assured.