• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1015-1019
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• 2003

A 50 day feeding trial was conducted with White Leghorn (WL) laying hens, 42 weeks old, to determine if feeding of varying levels of aflatoxin (AF), ochratoxin A (OA) or their combinations has any effect on their performance and egg quality parameters. Feeding of $T_4$, $T_7$, $T_8$, $T_9$ and $T_10$ caused significant reduction in feed intake of hens. Hen day egg productions were significantly reduced at all the levels of toxins except 0.5 ppm of AF. Maximum reduction in egg production was noticed at 2 and 4 ppm of AF and OA, respectively. Average body weight and egg weight were not affected by toxin feeding. The feed efficiency in terms of net feed efficiency and feed consumed per dozen egg produced was significantly reduced at higher levels of both the toxins and their combinations. Feed consumption for production of 1 kg egg mass remained uninfluenced due to aflatoxin feeding whereas significant increase in the value of the same was noticed at 4 ppm level of OA and combination of 1 and 2 ppm of AF and 2 and 4 ppm of OA ($T_9$ and $T_10$), respectively. Various levels of OA (1-4 ppm) and all the combination of two toxins ($T_8$, $T_9$ and $T_10$) significantly altered the shape index of eggs in laying hens. The shell thickness was significantly reduced by higher level of AF (2 ppm), OA (2 and 4 ppm) and their combination. Albumen index, Haugh Unit and yolk index remained unchanged due to incorporation of toxins in the diet. It is concluded that AF, OA either singly or in combination at higher levels could depress the performance in terms of egg production and feed efficiency significantly. The egg quality parameters i.e. shape index and shell thickness were also significantly affected.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.437-441
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• 2014

One specimen of Argonauta argo belonging to the family Argonautidae, was collected Songjeong, southeastern coastal water of Korea on July 12, 2010. The specimen, a mature female of 76 mm mantle length and 97 mm shell length. The number of ribs are 56 in shell. The shell is distinct between the arm I's. The I arm has expanded, hemi-discoidal web to which the distal part is fused together. The funnel is large and exceeds the base of arm IV. The arms formula is IV > $II{\fallingdotseq}III$ > I. The specimen was female. Fecundity was 155,203 eggs. This species is pelagic octopus and important prey item of dolphin.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 1999

This study was performed to develop brand egg. Forty-four week-old Isa Brown were randomly assigned to 8 treatments and the number of hens were 300 per each group. Experimental period was about 10 weeks. The 8 treatment were as follows : astarich 2%(A), astarich 5%(B), chitch chitosan 2%(C), omega-3 powder 2%(D), pyrogreen 1%(E), greenpia 0.2%(F), hydrogenated soy oil 3%(G) and commercial layer feed(H). Eggs were collected at day 0, 7, 14, 40 and 70 for egg quality analyses. Laying rate was significantly higher in astarich groups(B, C) than ant other group, showing average of 88% of laying rate. In terms of egg factors, whole egg weight was the heaviest in control in control(A) and the lightest in omega-3 powder group(E), while egg yolk weight was the heaviest in astarich group(H). Haugh unit(HU) was the mean of 70 for all treatments and there were no significant differences among the treatments. Egg yolk color was significantly different among treatments during experimental period whenever yolk color was measured. At the day 7 after feeding of experimental diets, the yolk color of astarich 5% group(C) was darker and that of omega-3 powder group(E) lighter. The value of yolk color in astarich 5%(C) and 2%(B) was 14.2 and 12.5, respectively. But the rest of the groups did not show any differences in yolk color, showing mean of 11.5. In terms of shell thickness, shell tended to become thinner, but there were no defferences among treatments during experimental period. The mean value of shell thickness was 0.390mm. In conclusion, astarich groups may seem to produce the best possible quality of brand egg.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1993

The reproductive ecology of the purple shell, Rapana venosa was investigated by the histological observations on depositions of the egg capsules, and hatching of larvae in the laboratory and the subtidal zone of the vicinity of piung-do, Chollabud-do, west coast of korea, for one year from June 1992 to May 1993. The results are summarized as follows:1. Rapana venosa is dioecious in sex. The ovary is composed of a number of ovarian lobules, and the testis comprises a number of ovarian lobules, and the testis comprises of gonads could be classified into 4 stages in males and 5 stages in females: 1) growing stage(in female subdivided into 2 stages of early and late growing stage). 2)mature stage. 3)spent stage or copulationstage. 4)rdcovering stage. The early growing stage in females of the purple shell was in September through February, late gorwing stage was in October to March, mature stage was in September to January, mature stage was in September to July, copulation stage was in Februaty to June and recovering stage in April to October.3. Spawning occurred 3-4 times at intervals of 1-3 days, and completed within 10 days from the beginning of spawning during the spawning season of the year.4. From the results of laboratory and field observations, egg masses are composed of a number of egg capsules, egg masses are occurred from May to late August, and in mid August depositions of egg mass in composed of 90-113 egg capsules, fecundity in an egg capsule was ranged 984 to 1,241 eggs(average 1,096 egg). Therefore, fecundity in total egg capsules spawned per individual during the spawning season is estimated as approximately 320,000 to 450,000 egges.5. The incubation period during deposition of an egg capsule to hatching larvad tood 17 days at 18.3-20.4%C(water temperature)and 1.021 (specific gravity fo sea water).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1217-1223
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• 2020

Objective: Eggshells with a uniform color and intensity are important for egg production because many consumers assess the quality of an egg according to the shell color. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of dominant effects on the variations in eggshell color after 32 weeks in a crossbred population. Methods: This study was conducted using 7,878 eggshell records from 2,626 hens. Heritability was estimated using a univariate animal model, which included inbreeding coefficients as a fixed effect and animal additive genetic, dominant genetic, and residuals as random effects. Genetic correlations were obtained using a bivariate animal model. The optimal diagnostic criteria identified in this study were: L^🟉 value (lightness) using a dominance model, and a^🟉 (redness), and b^🟉 (yellowness) value using an additive model. Results: The estimated heritabilities were 0.65 for shell lightness, 0.42 for redness, and 0.60 for yellowness. The dominance heritability was 0.23 for lightness. The estimated genetic correlations were 0.61 between lightness and redness, -0.84 between lightness and yellowness, and -0.39 between redness and yellowness. Conclusion: These results indicate that dominant genetic effects could help to explain the phenotypic variance in eggshell color, especially based on data from blue-shelled chickens. Considering the dominant genetic variation identified for shell color, this variation should be employed to produce blue eggs for commercial purposes using a planned mating system.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2005

To determine the actual hygienic status of domestic chicken meats sold in public markets (conventional markets and department stores), microbial contamination levels (Total cells, Coliforms and Staphylococcal cells) and zoonotic pathogens (Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, Listeria species, and Staphylococcus aureus) isolation tests were conducted. Chicken meats and eggs tested were collected from the conventional markets (Si-Jang) and department-stores located in Seoul and Kyung-gi regions in 1996. In total cells and coliforms contamination tests, chicken meats sold in department stores were much lesser contamination status than those of Si-Jang, but staphylococcal cells level was much more higher than that of conventional markets. Salmonella isolation frequency was investigated as $68.8\%$, but Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes isolation frequency were appeared both $64.0\%\;and\;63.3\%$. In case of eggs sold in public markets, one of S. gallinarum strain $(0.7\%)$ was isolated only on the egg-shell part among the four-hundred and fourty-six. In comparison with foreign imported chicken meats, there were no big differences in microbial contamination status. On the other hand, both Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were isolated only in the chicken wings from Korea and China, but not from U.S.A. This data suggest that more hygienic control system in order to produce the safe and hygienic chicken meats and eggs is need in our country as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1974

Meretrix lusoria is one of the most favorite edible bivalves inhabiting wide inter-tidal flats along the western coast of Korea. Over the period of July to September 1973, some specimens from a tidal flat near AnMyun Island were submerged in sea water with various concentrations of ammo-mum hydroxide added and careful observations were made on their fertilization, early development, and metamorphosis of the larvae. The highest rate of fertilization was demonstrated by individuals treated with 1/1000 normal solution of ammonium hydroxide, and their fertilized eggs followed normal development, i. e., two cell stage in 1.2 hours after fertilization, gastrula stage after 4.7 hours, and trochophore stage after 5.6 hours. Within 24 hours after fertilization M. lusoria larvae have acquired the form of early straight-hinge veliger with the mean prodissoconch I length of $112\mu$. It takes seven days to get the umbo stage with the mean shell length of $172\mu$ and twenty days to get the metamorphosing stage with the mean shell length of $232\mu$. The larvae were cultured to the metamorphosing stage with the shell length of $272\mu$ in the laboratory condition. The relationship between the shell length (L) and the shell height (H) in veliger stage is shown as H=1.02325L-24.46425 with a significant difference.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 1991

Beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN)-a Lathyrus toxin was fed to laying chicken to investigate effects on egg weight, production and malformity. Two feeding trials were conducted where the levels of BAPN varied from 0.1 to 0.6 g per kg diet. The responses with regard to egg weight, egg production and the incidence of malformed eggs due to varying concentrations of the toxin were recorded and the results on weekly changes in these important variables were evaluated by plotting graphs. The results showed that there were increasing trends in egg weight and egg shell abnormalities and a decreasing trend in egg production as the dietary level of BAPN was increased indicating that the responses of layers were dose dependent. The effects on egg weight, egg production and egg malformity disappeared following withdrawal of the toxin from the diets.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide the guidelines for the dietary lift by analyzing and studying the dietary behavior and food preference based on the gender. In the questions whether students' food preference is similar to their parents' or not, girls answered their food preferences were similar to them (M = 3.36), but boys not (M : 2.90). In the question if the knowledge learned in school has an effect on the choice of food, girls and boys answered it did not affect them, but there was a slight difference according to the gender; boys(M = 2.54) were under less influence than girls (M = 2.88). According to the gender, there was a meaningful difference in the food preference in meat, eggs, fish and shell, beans, milk and milk products, anchovies, fruits, fats and oils, beverage, and processed food. School education had a little influence on the habits of dietary life, only 8.0%. So more practical nutrition education was needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.607-610
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• 1995

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of Ascorbic Acid (AA) supplementations in the layer and broiler diets kept in the natural hot humid tropical climate ($20-35^{\circ}C$). The layers and the broilers were fed on normal commercial diet as control while supplementation of 400 and 600 mg/kg Ascorbic Acid made up the experimental diets. The results showed that AA supplementation in the layers significantly reduced egg weight and increased Haugh unit values of the eggs, but produced no significant effects on feed intake, body weight, egg production, respiratory rate and body temperature. The shell thickness was slightly improved, though not significantly, with AA supplementation. AA supplementation in broilers improved body weight gain and FCR and reduced the effect of heat stress as shown by lower body temperature and respiratory rates.