• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

An edgetone is the discrete tone or narrow-band sound produced by an oscillating free shear layer, impinging on a rigid surface. In this paper, 2-dimensional edgetone to predict the frequency characteristics of the discrete oscillations of a jet-edge feedback cycle is presented using lattice Boltmznan model with 21 bits, which is introduced a flexible specific heat ratio y to simulate diatomic gases like air. The blown jet is given a parabolic inflow profile for the velocity, and the edges consist of wedges with angle 20 degree (for symmetric wedge) and 23 degree (for inclined wedge), respectively. At a stand-off distance w, the edge is inserted along the centerline of the jet, and a sinuous instability wave with real frequency is assumed to be created in the vicinity of the nozzle exit and to propagate towards the downward. Present results presented have shown in capturing small pressure fluctuating resulting from periodic oscillation of the jet around the edge. The pressure fluctuations propagate with the speed of sound. Their interaction with the wedge produces an irrotational feedback field which, near the nozzle exit, is a periodic transverse flow producing the singularities at the nozzle lips. It is found that, as the numerical example, satisfactory simulation results on the edgetone can be obtained for the complex flow-edge interaction mechanism, demonstrating the capability of the lattice Boltzmann model with flexible specific heat ratio to predict flow-induced noises in the ventilating systems of ship.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.125-132
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• 2006

To estimate the local site effects at two town fortress areas where stone parapets were collapsed during historical earthquakes, site characteristics were evaluated using borehole drillings and seismic tests and equivalent-linear site response analyses were conducted based on the shear wave velocity (Vs) profiles determined from site investigations. The study sites are categorized as site classes C and B according to the mean Vs to 30 m ranging from 500 to 850 m/s, and their site periods are distributed in short period range of 0.06 to 0.16 sec. For site class C in the study areas, the short-period (0.1-0.5 sec) and mid-period (0.4-2.0 sec) site coefficients, $F_{\alpha}$ and $F_\nu$ specified in the Korean seismic design guide, underestimate the ground motion in short-period band and overestimate the ground motion in mid-period band, respectively, due to the characteristics showing high amplification in short period range, which can result in the collapse of stone parapets having the short natural period.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.561-572
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• 2017

Seismic base isolation has been accepted as one of the most popular design procedures to protect important structures against earthquakes. However, due to lack of information and experimental data the application of base isolation is quite limited to nuclear power plant (NPP) industry. Moreover, the effects of inelastic behavior of soil beneath base-isolated NPP have raised questions to the effectiveness of isolation device. This study applies the wavelet analysis to investigate the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of a base-isolated NPP structure. To evaluate the SSI effects, the NPP structure is modelled as a lumped mass stick model and combined with a soil model using the concept of cone models. The lead rubber bearing (LRB) base isolator is used to adopt the base isolation system. The shear wave velocity of soil is varied to reflect the real rock site conditions of structure. The comparison between seismic performance of isolated structure and non-isolated structure has drawn. The results show that the wavelet analysis proves to be an efficient tool to evaluate the SSI effects on the seismic response of base-isolated structure and the seismic performance of base-isolated NPP is not sensitive to the effects in this case.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2021

In this paper, horizontal seismic responses of a structure built on a sunken mat foundation were compared with those built on a solid embedded mat foundation to investigate the effect of a sunken mat foundation on the horizontal response of a structure. Seismic analyses of a structure laid on the embedded mat foundation were performed by utilizing a pseudo-3D finite element software of P3DASS. Three bedrock earthquake records downloaded from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center database were scaled to reproduce weak-moderate earthquakes. Weak, medium, and stiff soil layers were considered for the seismic analyses of the structure-foundation-soil system. Parametric studies were performed for foundation radius, foundation embedment depth, and shear wave velocity of a soil layer to investigate their effect on the seismic response spectrum. The study result showed that the design spectrum of a structure built on a sunken mat foundation was similar to that with a solid embedded mat foundation showing a slight difference due to almost the same seismic base motion beneath both embedded foundations.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2021

The seismic deformation method is conventionally used as a seismic design for a multi-utility tunnel in Korea. In the seismic deformation method, the soil ground's natural period is one of the most critical factors for calculating the ground displacement using cosine functions. Correction factors for the natural period and shear wave velocity have been used to consider the non-linearity of dynamic soil properties. However, the correction factors have been issued because the correction factors have not been sufficiently studied to consider Korea's regional conditions. This paper aims to evaluate the natural periods for the seismic deformation method considering Korea's ground conditions. Ground response analysis was performed using seven real earthquake records on twelve sites with different soil conditions where actual multi-utility tunnels are installed. As a result, natural periods of the sites were analyzed and new correction factors were proposed according to seismic performance and Korea's regional conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.221-231
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• 2021

A two dimensional model of linearly elastic soil spring used for the settlement analysis of the flexible mat foundation is suggested in this study. The spring constants of the soils underneath the foundation were modeled assuming uniformly vertical load applied onto the foundation. The soil spring constants were back calculated using the three-dimensional finite element analysis with Midas GTS NX program. Variation of the soil spring constants was modeled as a two-dimensional polynomial function in terms of the normalized spatial distances between the center of foundation and the analytical points. The Lysmer's analog spring for soils underneath the rigid foundation was adopted and calibrated for the flexible foundation. For validations, the newly proposed soil spring model was incorporated into a two dimensional finite difference analysis for a square mat foundation at the surface of an elastic half-space consisting of soft clays. Comparative study was made for elastic soils where the shear wave velocity is 120~180 m/s and the Poisson's ratio varies at 0.3~0.5. The resulting foundation settlements from the two dimensional finite difference analysis with the proposed soil springs were found in good agreement with those obtained directly from three dimensional finite element analyses. Details of the applications and limitations of the modified Lysmer's analog springs were discussed in this study.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.345-352
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• 2023

This paper studied the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response and retrofit of a reinforced concrete structure with a soft-first story for different soil types. A 5-story structure built on a 30m deep homogeneous soil mass was considered as a case study structure, and steel column jacketing and steel bracing were chosen as seismic retrofit methods. Seismic responses of a fixed-base and a flexible base structure subjected to seven scaled earthquake records were obtained using the software OpenSees to investigate the effect of soil on seismic response and retrofit. The nonlinearBeamColumn elements with the fiber sections were used to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the beams and columns. Soil properties were defined based on shear wave velocity according to categorized site classes defined in ASCE-7. The finite element model of the soil was made using isoparametric four-noded quadrilateral elements and the nonlinear dynamic responses of the combined system of soil and structure were calculated in the OpenSees. The analysis results indicate that the soil-structure interaction plays an important role in the seismic performance and retrofit of a structure with a soft-first story. It was observed that column steel jacketing was effective in the retrofit of the model structure on a fixed base, whereas stronger retrofit measures such as steel bracing were needed when soil-structure interaction was considered.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2014

대도시 인근의 지진 취약성이 지적되고 있는 가운데 서울에서도 지진의 발생 가능성에 대한 인식이 늘고 있다. 특히 건축문화재의 경우에는 이설이나 해체가 어려워 지진에 대한 대비가 다른 구조물에 비해 어렵다. 더욱이 지진 발생 시에 지반이 어떠한 증폭된 지진파를 주요 문화재에 전파하게 되는지를 알아보는 일은 매우 중요하다. 이러한 배경으로 본 연구에서는 서울 시내에 위치한 15개소의 문화재 지반에 대한 표면파 탐사를 통한 현장조사를 실시하여 지반 분포 및 기반암의 위치를 파악하였다. 현장조사 결과를 바탕으로 전단파 속도 분포를 위주로 입력데이터를 설정하고 일차원 지진응답해석을 실시하여 붕괴방지수준을 기준으로 지진재현주기에 따른 최고 지표가속도와 지반증폭비, 지반의 고유주기 등을 파악하였다.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2023

다짐은 토목현장에서 지반의 안정성을 확보하고 침하 방지를 위해 수행된다. 다짐을 수행하는 작업도 중요하지만, 다짐을 완료한 후 지반의 다짐도를 평가하는 것도 매우 중요하다. 국내 현장에서는 주로 평판 재하시험이나 들밀도 시험 등의 포인트 방식의 시험을 통해 다짐 지역의 일부만을 평가한다. 기존에 제시된 방법들은 표면 다짐에 대한 평가가 가능하지만, 좀 더 깊은 지반의 다짐까지 평가하기에는 어려움이 따른다. 또한, 포인트 시험 방식을 통해 평가를 수행하는 면적이 크지 않기 때문에, 전체적인 다짐도의 평가가 어렵다. 이에 대한 해결책으로 표면파를 활용한 SASW 시험을 통해 다짐을 평가하였다. SASW 시험은 포인트 방식의 시험보다 측정하는 범위가 넓고, 시험 세팅에 따라 깊은 심도의 지반에 대한 강성 또한 파악할 수 있다. 다짐 평가를 위해 본 연구에서는 다른 조건으로 다져진 성토 현장에서 SASW 시험을 수행하였다. 또한, Nuclear density gauge 시험을 동반하여 SASW의 다짐 분석 결과와 비교 및 검증을 수행하였다. 이 연구 결과를 통해 SASW를 활용한 지반 현장의 다짐도 평가가 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2013

제주도 한라산 주위에 위치한 JJU와 JJB 관측소 하부의 S파 속도구조를 규명하기 위하여, 이 관측소에서 2007년 이후 기록한 $M_W$ 5.5 이상인 원격 지진자료 중 150개 수신함수를 이용하여 역산 및 H-${\kappa}$ 중합법에 적용하였다. 모호면에서 변환된 $P_S$파는 JJU 관측소의 북서쪽(후방위각 $207{\sim}409^{\circ}$, 평균 $308^{\circ}$)과 JJB 관측소의 남동쪽(후방위각 $119{\sim}207^{\circ}$, 평균 $163^{\circ}$) 방향으로 뚜렷하지 않게 나타났다. 이것은 아마도 모호면의 점이적인 속도변화나 지각 내의 속도 불균질층 때문일 수 있다. 수신함수 역산으로부터 계산된 S파 속도모델은 지각 내의 저속도층을 뚜렷이 보여주며, 30 ~ 40 km 깊이에서 점이적으로 증가하는 양상을 보인다. JJB 관측소 반경 18 km 이내에서 저속도층($v_s{\leq}3.5km/s$)은 14 ~ 26 km에 있고, $v_s{\geq}4.3km/s$으로 정의한 '모호면'은 34 km 깊이에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 서쪽으로 약 10 km 떨어진 곳에 위치한 JJU 관측소의 반경 16 km 이내에서는 저속도층과 '모호면'이 14 ~ 24 km와 30 km에 각각 존재하여 JJB 관측소에 비해 다소 얕은 깊이에서 나타난다. JJU와 JJB 관측소에 대한 H-${\kappa}$ 분석결과는 지각 두께가 29 km와 33 km이며, 종파/횡파 속도비($v_p/v_s$)가 1.64과 1.75임을 각각 나타내어 화산 정상에 가까운 곳에서 상대적으로 낮은 $v_p/v_s$가 관찰되었다.