• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-52
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• 2015

Based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, a gradient-dependent plastic model that considers the strain-softening behavior is presented in this study. Both triaxial shear tests on conventional specimen and precut-specimen, which were obtained from an ancient landslide, are performed to plot the post-peak stress-strain entire-process curves. According to the test results of the soil strength, which reduces from peak to residual strength, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that considers strain-softening under gradient plastic theory is deduced, where strength reduction depends on the hardening parameter and the Laplacian thereof. The validity of the model is evaluated by the simulation of the results of triaxial shear test, and the computed and measured curves are consistent and independent of the adopted mesh. Finally, a progressive failure of the ancient landslide, which was triggered by slide of the toe, is simulated using this model, and the effects of the strain-softening process on the landslide stability are discussed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.691-704
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• 2014

Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are commonly used for building structures to resist seismic loading. While the RC shear walls can have a high load-carrying capacity, they tend to fail in a brittle mode under shear, accompanied by forming large diagonal cracks and bond splitting between concrete and steel reinforcement. Improving seismic performance of shear walls has remained a challenge for researchers all over the world. Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), featuring incredible ductility under tension, can be a promising material to replace concrete in shear walls with improved performance. Currently, the application of ECC to large structures is limited due to the lack of the proper constitutive models especially under shear. In this paper, a new Cyclic Softening Membrane Model for reinforced ECC is proposed. The model was built upon the Cyclic Softening Membrane Model for reinforced concrete by (Hsu and Mo 2010). The model was then implemented in the OpenSees program to perform analysis on several cases of shear walls under seismic loading. The seismic response of reinforced ECC compared with RC shear walls under monotonic and cyclic loading, their difference in pinching effect and energy dissipation capacity were studied. The modeling results revealed that reinforced ECC shear walls can have superior seismic performance to traditional RC shear walls.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.335-353
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• 2014

The softening hyperelastic model based on the strain energy limitation is of clear concepts and simple forms to describe the failure of materials. In this study, a linear and a nonlinear softening hyperelastic model are proposed to characterize the deformation and the failure in granular materials by introducing a softening function into the shear part of the strain energy. A method to determine material parameters introduced in the models is suggested. Based on the proposed models the numerical examples focus on bearing capacity and strain localization of granular materials. Compared with Volokh softening hyperelasticity and classical Mohr-Coulomb plasticity, our proposed models are able to capture the typical characters of granular materials such as the strain softening and the critical state. In addition, the issue of mesh dependency of the proposed models is investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2000

An analytical model with tension softening for the prediction of the capacity of prestressed concrete beams under pure torsion and under torsion combined with shear and flexure is introduced. The proposed approach employs bilinear stress-strain relationship with post cracking tension softening branch for the concrete in tension and special failure criteria for biaxial stress states. Further, for the solution of the governing equations a special numerical scheme is adopted which can be applied to elements with practically any cross-section since it utilizes a numerical mapping. The proposed method is mainly applied to plain prestressed concrete elements, but is also applicable to prestressed concrete beams with light transverse reinforcement. The aim of the present work is twofold; first, the validation of the approach by comparison between experimental results and analytical predictions and second, a parametrical study of the influence of concentric and eccentric prestressing on the torsional capacity of concrete elements and the interaction between torsion and shear for various levels of prestressing. The results of this investigation presented in the form of interaction curves, are compared to experimental results and code provisions.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.393-400
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• 2003

지오멤브레인(geomembrane)과 다른 토목섬유, 즉 지오텍스타일 또는 GCL, 사이의 interface 전단거동을 특성화하는 strain-softening 모델을 개발하였다. 본 연구에 제안된 모델은 일차적으로 smooth 지오멤브레인과 textured 지오멤브레인을 대상으로 실시한 직접전단 시험결과를 대상으로 구축되었다. 시험을 통해 측정된 변위-전단응력의 관계는 strain-softening 현상를 고려하기 위해서 최대점이 발생하는 위치를 기준으로, pre-peak과 post-peak 영역으로 나누어 분석을 실시하였다. 실험결과를 토대로 구축된 모델식은 원 자료와의 비교를 통해 본 모델의 유효성을 검증하였다. 비교 결과 높은 연직 응력에서 약간의 차이를 보이긴 하지만, 대체적으로 실험 결과와 구축된 모델을 이용한 역계산의 값이 좋은 일치를 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 특별히 연직응력이 낮은 단계에서는 높은 일치를 보였는데, 이를 통해 제안된 식이 매립지의 최종 cover와 같이 상재 연직하중이 작은 경우에 지오멤브레인이 포함된 interface의 전단 거동에 대한 합리적인 구성 방정식이 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 지질공학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2016

흙의 전단특성을 조사하기 위하여 다양한 전단시험장치가 사용되고 있다. 특히 흙의 무한변형에 따른 잔류전단강도(residual shear strength)를 측정하고자 할 경우 링전단시험장치가 사용된다. 본 연구는 배수, 압밀 및 전단속도 제어가 가능한 비배수전단강도 측정용 링전단시험장치를 사용하여 전단동안 발생하는 누수현상(water leakage)이 전단특성에 미치는 영향성에 대하여 조사하였다. 실험은 비배수조건에서 동일한 수직응력(50 kPa)을 재하하고 전단속도(0.01, 0.1, 1 mm/sec)를 3단계로 구분하여 적용하였다. 실험결과에 따르면, 동일한 수직응력에서 비배수전단강도는 전단속도에 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 상대적으로 낮은 전단속도(V = 0.01 mm/sec)에서는 변형률 경화 거동(strain hardening behavior)을 보였고 상대적으로 높은 전단속도(V ≥ 0.1 mm/sec)에서는 변형률 연화 거동(strain softening behavior)을 보였다. 시험기 성능평가를 통하여 누수가 발생할 경우 전단속도 크기에 관계없이 전단응력은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 누수가 크면 클수록 전단응력이 증가된다. 이러한 실험결과는 전단동안 발생하는 누수로 인한 흙 입자의 재배열과 다짐도의 증가에 따른 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 육안조사 및 반복적인 포화와 압밀과정을 통하여 실험오차를 최소화할 수 있는 작업이 필요하다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

지표면 침하량, 침하 기울기 그리고 터널주변의 지반 변위에 대한 관리와 예측은 도심지 저토피 터널의 설계와 시공에서 주요한 인자가 된다. 저토피 터널에서의 굴착에 따른 변형 해석은 터널 측벽부에서 지표부까지 발달하는 전단대의 변형특성을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 2차원 실내 터널 모형실험과 전단 탄성계수 및 강도 정수의 저하를 고려한 변형률 연화모델 해석을 통하여 미고결 저토피 터널에서의 굴착으로 인한 변형 거동 특성을 규명해 보았다. 변형률 연화모델을 이용한 수치해석과 모형 터널 실험과의 비교에서 지표면 침하, 천단침하 그리고 전단대의 발달형태에서 부합되는 결과가 나타났다. 본 연구에서 변형률 연화모델은 저토피 터널의 비선형 변형해석에 대하여 적용성이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-48
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• 1994

A plasticity-based concrete model is proposed. The failure surface is elliptic in the ${\sigma}-{\tau}$ stress space. Independent hardening as well as softening is assumed in tension, compression, and shear. The nonlinear inelastic action initiates from the origin in the ${\sigma}-{\varepsilon}$(${\tau}-{\gamma}$) diagram. Several parameters are incorporated to control hardening/softening regions. The model is incorporated into a nonlinear finite element program along with other classical models. Several examples are solved and the results are compared with experimental data and other failure criteria. "Reasonable results" and stable solutions are obtained for different types of reinforced concrete oriented structures.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2007

In case of an urban tunnel, the displacement of ground base controls the tunnel design because it is built on shallow and unconsolidated ground many times. There are more insufficiency to describe the ground movement which coincides in the measured result of the situ because the design of an urban tunnel is dependent on the method of numerical analysis used to the existing elastic and elasto-plastic models. We studied about the prediction for the ground movement of a shallow tunnel in unconsolidated ground, mechanism of collapse, and settlement. Also this paper shows comparison with the existing elastic and elasto-plastic model using the unlinear analysis of the strain-softening model. We can model the real ground movement as the increasement of ground surface inclination or occurrence of shear band by using strain-softening model for the result of ground movement of an urban NATM tunnel.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.953-964
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• 2015

A model has been proposed that can predict the ultimate torsional strength of single-box multi-cell reinforced concrete box girder under combined loading of bending, shear and torsion. Compared with the single-cell box girder, this model takes the influence of inner webs on the distribution of shear flow into account. According to the softening truss theory and thin walled tube theory, a failure criterion is presented and a ultimate torsional strength calculating procedure is established for single-box multi-cell reinforced concrete box girder under combined actions, which considers the effect of tensile stress among the concrete cracks, Mohr stress compatibility and the softened constitutive law of concrete. In this paper the computer program is also compiled to speed up the calculation. The model has been validated by comparing the predicted and experimental members loaded under torsion combined with different ratios of bending and shear. The theoretical torsional strength was in good agreement with the experimental results.