• 생약학회지
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• 제34권4호통권135호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

We evaluated the anti-arthritic effect of a new diet-supplement product containing red ginseng, glucosamine, shark cartilage, ascorbic acid and manganese chloride for the relieving arthritic symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (250 and 500 mg/kg), glucosamine (240 mg/kg) and shark cartilage (240 mg/kg) were tested individually on vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Glucosamine and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of vascular permeability by 29.6 and 32.9%, respectively. Red ginseng (500 mg/kg) and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hr. The supplement (red ginseng mixture: RGM) composed of red ginseng (43.5%), glucosamine (25.0%), shark cartilage (25.0%), ascorbic acid (5.0%) and manganese chloride (1.5%) was prepared and its inhibitory activities including vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema were comparable to anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac and ibuprofen. It was also tested on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats as one of chronic arthritic tests and Randall-Selitto assay as an analgesic test. RGM showed the inhibition against the swelling of rat paws induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. Determination of cytokines of the sera sampled from arthritis-induced animals indicated that RGM increased the levels of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and interleukin-6, representing the immunostimulatory effect by red ginseng. RGM treatment moderately reduced the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support that RGM can be applicable for the improvement of arthritic as a new diet-supplement.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.533-541
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• 2000

Compared to mammal including human, many bioreactive genes that regulate various biological events has not been cloned and characterized yet in fishes, especially shark, Scyliorhinus torazame. In orther to isolate genes that regulate physiological processes in cartilaginors fishes, we performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the RNA of cartilage tissues of Scyliofhinus torazame. The cloned partial genes were 86%, 80%, 73%, 84%, 75%, 79% identical to $\alpha$- actin, 90-kDa heat-shock protein, methyle-neterahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltertrahydrofolate cyclohudrolase-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, ubiquitin, glutamine synthetase and connective tissue growth factor genes of human, respectively. They also have similar nucleotide sequence homologues with those of another species. These partial bioreactive genes elucidated in this study may support to studies of phylogenetic analysis based on evolutionary relationships between shark and other species.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.651-655
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• 2005

Enzymatic hydrolysis of shark (Squatina oculata) cartilage (SC) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) for chondroitin sulfate (CS) preparation. Among 11 commercial proteases, Maxazyme NNP showed highest productivity (CS yield per enzyme cost) of CS. Optimal hydrolysis conditions determined by RSM were 1.63% and 2.87 hr for enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time ($r^2\;=\;0.9527$, p<0.0l), respectively and highest yield of hydrolysate under the conditions was 42.3%. The yield ($43.1{\pm}2.1%$) and CS content ($24.8{\pm}0.1%$) of hydrolysate at optimal condition verified statistical optimization of SC enzymatic hydrolysis was valid.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.865-871
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• 2009

콘드로이틴황산은 상어연골로부터 알카리방법과 효소적 방법에 의해 추출하였다. 추출에 있어서 알카리의 농도, 효소인 알카라제의 농도, 온도 등에 따른 최적 추출조건을 규명하였으며 콘드로이틴 황산용 UF 막으로 막분리하여 순수한 콘드로이틴황산을 얻었다. 얻어진 콘드로이틴 황산의 분자량을 GPC로 측정하였을 때 분자량이 27만 Da 이었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.618-626
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• 2009

Dombaeki Pipyun is a well-known Korean ethnic food in Kyungpook providence. We produced a Dombaeki Pipyun mixed with shark skin, cartilage, and herbs. The herbal mixtures (HM: 0, 0.075, 0.15, and 0.225%) were made of equal amounts of clove, fennel, and bay leaf. The purpose of this study was to examine how HM influences the sensory and textural characteristics of the Dombaeki Pipyun. The results showed that as the concentration of HM increased, its strength, cutting energy, hardness, brittleness, and chewiness decreased and its elasticity and cohesiveness increased. The $L^*$ and $b^*$ values generally decreased the $a^*$ value tended to increase as the concentration of HM increased. Ammonia and the fish-like odor decreased when the HM concentration was increased to 0.15%. However, there were no statistical significant differences in astringent, bitter, salty, sour, and sweet tastes. However, the savory taste significantly increased at an HE concentration of 0.15%. In terms of the mouth feel, there was not significant changes in airy.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2007

상어연골에서 발생하는 갈변과 냄새를 제거하기 위한 오존수 세척효과와 crude chondroitin sulfate의 추출특성을 조사하기 위하여 알칼리 및 열수추출 효과를 조사하였다. SC 분말을 용존 오존농도 0.3 ppm의 오존수로 세척한 결과 일반성분의 함량에는 영향을 미치지 않으면서 $L^*$값은 증가하고 $a^*$, $b^*$값은 감소되어 탈색효과가 뚜렷하였다. 또한 ammonia 유사취가 크게 감소되었으며 종합적 기호도가 크게 향상되었다. NaOH에 의한 CS의 최적 추출농도는 1 N이었으며 최적 추출시간은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 120분이었고 이때의 수율은 10.02%이었다. $100^{\circ}C$의 열수로 7회 반복추출 할 경우 1 N NaOH 추출수율과 대등하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.872-877
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• 2009

By-products of marine organisms including salmon, skate, flatfish, and yellow goosefish were investigated to search for new source of chondroitin sulfate (CS). Agarose gel electrophoresis with chondroitinase depolymerization showed that purified chondroitin sulfate did not contain any other glycosaminoglycans. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired to confirm the structure and purity. The average molecular weight ranging from 22 to 64 kDa was determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography. Disaccharide compositions and purities were determined by strong anion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) after chondroitinase ABC depolymerization. SAX-HPLC data exhibited that the purity was from $81.7{\pm}1.3$ to $114.2{\pm}2.5%$ and the yield was from 1.3 to 12.5%. All analytical results indicate that salmon cartilage, skate cartilage, and yellow goosefish bone could be promising sources of CS to substitute shark cartilage CS in commercial neutraceuticals.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.175-187
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of skate cartilage extracts containing chondroitin sulfate (SCS) on hyperlipidemia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed mice in comparison with the effects of shark cartilage-derived chondroitin sulfate (CS). MATERIALS/METHODS: Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice were fed HCD with an oral administration of CS (50 and 100 mg/kg BW/day), SCS (100 and 200 mg/kg BW/day), or water, respectively, for ten weeks. RESULTS: The administration of CS or SCS reduced the levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL cholesterol and elevated the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with those of the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CS or SCS significantly attenuated inflammation by reducing the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and hepatic protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and IL-1beta (P < 0.05). In particular, the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was reduced only in the 100 mg/kg BW/day of SCS-fed group, whereas the IL-6 level was reduced in the 100 and 200 mg/kg BW/day of SCS-fed groups (P < 0.05). In addition, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production were attenuated in the livers of the CS and SCS groups mediated by the upregulation of hepatic proteins of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the biological effects of SCS, similar to those of CS, are attributed to improved lipid profiles as well as suppressed inflammation and oxidative stress induced by the intake of HCD.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.984-991
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• 1997

New tumor suppressor gene, snm23, homologous to human nm23/NDP kinase (human nucleoside diphosphate kinase) gene whose product has a tumor metastasis inhibitory activity, was first cloned from Korean tiger shark (Scyliorhinus forazame) skin cDNA library constructed by using a $\lambda$ ZAP-II cDNA synthesis kit. About $1\times10^5$ plaques were screened and several positive plaques were isolated and confirmed by second screening. The phagemid containing a positive clone from the Uni-Zap XR vector was excised in vivo and the gene containing the tumor metastasis suppressor protein was named as snm23. Cloned gene, snm23, was sequenced with ABI-PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of snm23 have shown an open reading frame consisting of 450 base pairs that correspond to a protein of 150 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular mass of 16.8 kDa. Sequence comparison of snm23 with human nm23/NDP kinase was performed by using Blast protein data base of National Center for Biotechnology Information. In order to determine tissue specificity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used. Good expression level of snm23/NDP kinase was detected at the tissues from skin, cartilage, and liver of Korean tiger shark.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2009

돔배기 육, 연골 및 껍질의 저장 중 총균, 대장균 및 병원성미생물의 생육에 미치는 chitosan-ascorbate(CA)(0.01%) 및 모려(10 ppm)의 처리효과를 조사하였다. $10^{\circ}C$에서 6일간 저장한 결과 대조구의 경우 총균수는 육, 연골 및 껍질에서는 각각 4.24, 3.81, 2.20 log cycle이 증가하였으나 CA처리구는 육에서는 2.66 log cycle이, 연골에서는 2.37 log cycle이, 껍질에서는 1.24 log cycle이 감소되었다. 모려처리구에서는 CA처리구 보다 그 효과가 낮으나 육에서는 1.33 log cycle이, 연골에서는 0.93 log cycle이, 껍질에서는 0.59 log cycle이 각각 감소되었다. 6일간 저장한 돔배기의 대장균수는 대조군의 경우 육, 연골 및 껍질에서 각각 3.18, 2.59, 2.25 log CFU/g이었으며 CA처리구에서는 육에서는 1.69 log cycle이, 연골에서는 1.25 log cycle이, 껍질에서는 1.52 log cycle이 각각 감소하였으며, 모려처리구에서는 육에서는 0.65 log cycle, 연골에서는 0.52 log cycle, 껍질에서는 0.76 log cycle이 각각 감소되었다. 무처리구에서는 3일째 육에서 Salmonella가 검출되었고, 6일째는 육, 껍질, 연골 모두에서 Salmonella와 V. parahaemolyticus가 검출되었으며, 모려를 처리한구에서는 6일째 육에서 Salmonella와 V. parahaemolyticus가, 연골에서 Salmonella가 검출되었다. 그러나 CA처리구에서는 육, 연골 및 껍질 모두에서 저장 6일까지 음성반응을 나타내었다. CA와 모려를 처리한 육은 대조구에 비하여 비교적 투명하며 조직의 붕괴도가 낮았다. 또 연골은 대조구에 비하여 조직이 매끈하고 깨끗한 상태를 유지하였으며 껍질은 이물질이 제거되는 scavenger 현상을 나타내었으며 이러한 현상들은 모려보다 CA처리구에서 뚜렷하였다. 이상의 결과 CA와 모려처리는 돔배기에 존재하는 일반미생물과 병원성미생물의 생육을 저해함으로서 신선도와 위생성이 향상시키며 저장 중에 일어나는 조직의 붕괴를 막아 저장성을 향상시키는 효과를 나타낸 것으로 판단된다.