• Archives of design research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2000

The form or interpretation of today's communication design lies in content development and storytelling to the designer. However, the understanding as well as exteriment of the mechanisms behind content creation remain an obscure concept. Particularly given the rapid development of digital technology, since the 1980s typography has been quickly transforming itself from its static state to the more dynamic'Type in Motion'. following this came the need for solid research in'Type in Motion'as the best means of presenting story content and form The previous passage has studied the effectiveness of'Type in Motion'in presenting this kind of content. Type in Motion has allowed vast developments in the methods of story presentation. It is Due that today's digital technology has given many benefits to the designer, but on the other hand, it has required a more diverse understanding of digital design. furthermore, even the designers in digital typography lack the understanding and research in'Type in Motion'not only as a mode of visual language but also of verbal language. Given this point· in hand, the entire interpretation and interrelation of story and'Type in Motion'can be considered essential, given their shaping of effective digital typography.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.42.2-43
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• 2015

Massive stars play a major role in the interstellar energy budget and the shaping of the galactic environment. The water molecule is thought to be a sensitive tracer of physical conditions and dynamics in star-forming regions because of its large abundance variations between hot and cold regions. Herschel/HIFI allows us to observe the multiple rotational transitions of H2O including the ground-state levels, and its isotopologues toward high-mass star-forming regions in different evolutionary stages. Photodissociation regions (PDRs) are also targeted to investigate the distribution of water and its chemistry. We present line profiles and maps of H2O using data from two guaranteed-time key programs "Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel" and "Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources". We analyze the temperature and density structures using LTE and non-LTE methods. We also estimate turbulent and expansion velocities, and abundance of water in the inner and outer envelopes using the 1D radiative transfer code. Around high-mass protostars we find H2O abundances of ~10-8-10-9 for the outer envelope and ~10-4-10-5 for the inner envelope, and expansion and turbulent velocities range from 1.0 km s-1 to 2.0 km s-1. The abundances and kinematic parameters of the sources do not show clear trends with evolutionary indicators. The Herschel/HIFI mapping observations of H2O toward the Orion Bar PDR show that H2O emission peaks between the shielded dense gas and the radicals position, in agreement with the theoretical and the observational PDR structure. The derived H2O abundance is ~10-7 and peaks at the depth of AV ~8 mag from the ionization front. Together with the low ortho-to-para ratio of H2O (~1) presented by Choi et al. (2014), our results show that the chemistry of water in the Orion Bar is dominated by photodesorption and photodissociation.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2001

Breast reconstruction is an aesthetically critical procedure and should be peformed to match the opposite breast in shape, contour, and position. Many methods were introduced to reconstruct the breast with autogenous tissue. But, free tissue transfer for breast reconstruction has become common method. The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap technique has been a widely accepted method of breast reconstruction after mastectomy, since the first introduction of free abdominoplasty flap in 1979. In breast reconstruction with a free flap the selection of suitable recipient vessels remains one of the most critical decision for surgeon. The most common recipient site for free flap breast reconstruction is the axillar system. But, the use of the axillary system as a recipient site limits flap movement and flexibility in breast shaping. The use of internal mammary vessels as a recipient site be able to achieve ideal breast symmetry, but that technique require the rib resection. The selection of suitable recipient vessels is most important for successful free tissue transfer. We have performed breast reconstruction with TRAM flaps anastomozed to the internal mammary vessel perforator. We came to the conclusion that this vessel perforator is useful as a recipient site in cases of immediate breast reconstruction with free TRAM flap.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1223-1227
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• 2005

Fine microgroove is the key component to fabricate micro-grating, micro-grating lens and so on. Conventional groove fabrication methods such as etching and lithography have some problems in efficiency and surface integrity. This study deals with the creation of ultra-precision micro grooves using non-rotational diamond tool and CNC machining center. The shaping type machining method proposed in the study allows to produce V-shaped grooves of $40\mu{m}$ in depth with enough dimensional accuracy and surface. For the analysis of machining characteristics in micro V-grooving, three components of cutting forces and AE signal are measured and processed. Experimental results showed that large amplitude of cutting forces and AE appeared at the beginning of every cutting path, and cutting forces had a linear relation with the cross-sectional area of uncut chip thickness. From the results of this study, proposed micro V-grooving technique could be successfully applied to forming the precise optical parts like prism patterns on light guide panel of TFT-LCD.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.182-186
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• 2010

Purpose: Intramuscular stimulation (IMS) shows good results in the treatment of chronic pain patients who did not respond to other treatments such as oral analgesics, trigger point injection, nerve block and epidural steroid injection. But, IMS procedure especially, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has sometimes serious problem. So, we present a very rare case of intramuscular abscess in the sternocleiomastoid muscle after IMS with literature review. Methods: A 66 year old male visited our department 7 days after IMS in the neck. His premorbid conditions and risk factors of deep neck infection was DM and old age. Computed tomographic scans of the head and neck region were performed in this patient: signs of deep neck infection, were seen enhanced abscess in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, cellulitis overlying tissue of the neck, and air bubbles involved muscle. Necrotic wound was excised serially and we treated this with the Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC, Kinetics Concepts International, San Antonio, Texas) system device. After appropriately shaping the sponge in the pockets, continuous negative pressure of 125 mmHg was applied. The VAC therapy was utilized for a period of 12 days. Results: We obtained satisfactory results from wide excision, drainage of the abscess with the VAC system, and then primary closure. The postoperative course was uneventful. Results: We suggest that many of the infectious complications may be preventable by strict adherence to aseptic techniques and that some of the other complications may be minimized by refining the techniques with a clear understanding of the medical disorders of patients. And, the refined technique using the VAC system can provide a means of simple and effective management for the cervical intramuscular abscess, with better cosmetic and functional results.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Background: In order to evaluate the effect of pH, known as a critical factor for shaping the biogeographical microbial patterns in the studies by others, on the bacterial diversity, we selected two sites in a similar geographical location (site 1; north latitude 35.3, longitude 127.8, site 2; north latitude 35.2, longitude 129.2) and compared their soil bacterial diversity between them. The mountain soil at site 1 (Jiri National Park) represented naturally acidic but almost pollution free (pH 5.2) and that at site 2 was neutral but exposed to the pollutants due to the suburban location of a big city (pH 7.7). Methods: Metagenomic DNAs from soil bacteria were extracted and amplified by PCR with 27F/518R primers and pyrosequenced using Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium. Results: Bacterial phyla retrieved from the soil at site 1 were more diverse than those at site 2, and their bacterial compositions were quite different: Almost half of the phyla at site 1 were Proteobacteria (49 %), and the remaining phyla were attributed to 10 other phyla. By contrast, in the soil at site 2, four main phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria) composed 94 %; the remainder was attributed to two other phyla. Furthermore, when bacterial composition was examined on the order level, only two Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales were found at both sites. So depending on pH, the bacterial community in soil at site 1 differed from that at site 2, and although the acidic soil of site 1 represented a non-optimal pH for bacterial growth, the bacterial diversity, evenness, and richness at this site were higher than those found in the neutral pH soil at site 2. Conclusions: These results and the indices regarding diversity, richness, and evenness examined in this study indicate that pH alone might not play a main role for bacterial diversity in soil.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2008

Museum Architecture, passing through modem times, have been requested to make changes in order to respond to the necessities of current times as well, so that they come to develop various kinds of programs other than a mere exhibition. That is, museum began recognizing the diversity of activities available in the spaces and the openness to the public. And tried to keep up with the changes by linking the museum buildings with local community in urban architecture as a result. Conversion design is methodology aims at reforming old buildings into a museum or revitalizing buildings of historical significance into exhibition center, so that it made possible to utilize the texts of historical, cultural cities, which in turn contribute to the diversity of urban architecture and protection of buildings in environmental crisis. In the sense, the paper analyzes the life-long contribution and dedication of Carlo Scarpa, an Italian architect, in the conversion of museum architecture, and studies the style, techniques, and features witnessed from his architectural works, and finally offers an insight and a directing post to take advantage of diverse ways likely applicable in our urban architectures. Scarpa's features in his museum architecture are classified as follows: First, contrasting expression of reiteration and side by side to express the continuity of time Second, he conveyed implicated meanings through inserting contracted factors of the locality and traditionality. Third, his interest in formative works and handicraft had an influence on shaping conversion space Finally, expression of accidentally to change of a point of view.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to review the meaning and problems of Scientific Knowledge and Ethical Value in Environmental Education. The ultimate goal of environmental education is shaping proenvironmental human behavior. The factors of human behavioral decision making are ideology, value, attitude and behavioral intentions. Ideology is a kind of belief system used by social groups to interpret their social world. The main elements of belief system are knowledge and value. The traditional thinking in education has been that we can change behavior by making human beings more knowledgeable and more valuable. In environmental education, the aim of scientific inquiry is to analysis cause-effect relation of human beings behavior and environmental phenomenon, and ethical education is to change the mind of human beings from zero-sum to positive-sum about the relations between human beings and natural environments. But, there are many problems of knowledge education and value education in environmental education. For example scientific knowledge without ethical value is dangerous to environment protection, and ethical value without scientific knowledge is vague. Therefore, we must recognize that the relationship of ethical value and scientific knowledge is not substitutional but complementary. The teaching-learning methods which can integrate knowledge and value in environmental education are rational decision making model. For this model, we can construct teaching contents with inquiry materials. To earn the benefits of specialization among several subjects in environmental education, social studies can focus on social science knowledge and decision making, science education can focus on pure natural science knowledge and scientific investigation, moral education can focus on problems of ethical value system, home economics can focus on practical action and environmental education(Environments in middle school, Ecology and Environments in high school) can integrate social-national science knowledge and ethical value in broad perspective about human beings and ecosystem. That is the method to protect from law of diminishing marginal utility of learning in environmental education.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8359-8364
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• 2016

Background: Thailand has come to an epidemiologic transition with decreasing infectious diseases and increasing burden of chronic conditions, including cancer. Breast cancer has the highest incidence rates among females throughout Thailand. This study aimed to identify the current burden and the future trends of breast cancer of Lopburi, a province in the Central Thailand. Materials and Methods: We used cancer incidence data from the Lopburi Cancer Registry to characterize and analyze the incidence of breast cancer in Central Thailand. With joinpoint and age-period-cohort analyses, the incidence of breast cancer in the province from 2001 to 2010 and project future trends from 2011 to 2030 was investigated. Results: Age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer in Lopburi increased from 23.4 to 34.3 cases per 100,000 female population during the period, equivalent to an annual percentage change of 4.3% per year. Both period and cohort effects played a role in shaping the increase in incidence. Joinpoint projection suggested that incidence rates would continue to increase in the future with incidence for women ages 50 years and above increasing at a higher rate than for women below the age of 50. Conclusions: The current situation where early detection measures are being promoted could increase detection rates of the disease. Preparation of sufficient budget for treatment facilities and human resources, both in surgical and medical oncology, is essential for future medical care.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8327-8333
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• 2016

Background: The recent epidemiologic transition in Thailand, with decreasing incidence of infectious diseases along with increasing rates of chronic conditions, including cancer, is a serious problem for the country. Breast cancer has the highest incidence rates among females throughout Thailand. Lampang is a province in the upper part of Northern Thailand. A study was needed to identify the current burden, and the future trends of breast cancer in upper Northern Thai women. Materials and Methods: Here we used cancer incidence data from the Lampang Cancer Registry to characterize and analyze the local incidence of breast cancer. Joinpoint analysis, age period cohort model and Nordpred package were used to investigate the incidences of breast cancer in the province from 1993 to 2012 and to project future trends from 2013 to 2030. Results: Age-standardized incidence rates (world) of breast cancer in the upper parts of Northern Thailand increased from 16.7 to 26.3 cases per 100,000 female population which is equivalent to an annual percentage change of 2.0-2.8%, according to the method used. Linear drift effects played a role in shaping the increase of incidence. The three projection method suggested that incidence rates would continue to increase in the future with incidence for women aged 50 and above, increasing at a higher rate than for women below the age of 50. Conclusions: The current early detection measures increase detection rates of early disease. Preparation of a budget for treatment facilities and human resources, both in surgical and medical oncology, is essential.