• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength and reliability of highly translucent colored zirconia for all ceramic restoration. Materials and Methods: Bar-shaped specimens (25 × 4 × 2.5 mm) were prepared from highly translucent monolithic zirconia. Three experimental groups were set up according to color (shade A0, A1, and A3). For each group, 20 specimens were prepared. Flexural strength was determined using a 3-point flexural test and results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test. Weibull statistical analysis provided 2 parameter estimates: Weibull modulus and characteristic strength. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed. Results: There was statistically significant difference between uncolored (Shade A0) and colored (shade A1 and A3) (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between colored groups (P > 0.05). The uncolored group had higher reliability compared with colored study groups. On x-ray diffraction analysis of each group, typical peaks of tetragonal phase appeared in all groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, coloring highly translucent zirconia had significant effect on flexural strength and reliability. Therefore, clinicians should be careful when using highly translucent colored zirconia to prevent breakage of veneering ceramic and enhance aesthetics.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2010

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of medium components and shade treatment on the growth, contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of Youngia sonchifolia. Substrates combined with coco peat and perlite (ratio 70:30 or 50:50, v/v) showed higher plant length, leaf area, and fresh weight than single substrate (P<0.05). Shade treatment also significantly reduced plant height, root length, leaf areas, and fresh weight (P<0.05) with increasing of the degree. Shading treatment, however, increased contents of total phenolics [mg ferulic acid equivalents $kg^{-1}$ dry wt.] and total flavonoids [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ dry wt.] in shoot parts of Y. sonchifoli, showing 110.2 to 119.2 and 128.3 to 146.7 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts from the plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and the activity was higher in shoots (50.2 to 80.8%) than in roots (47.7 to 49.8%), and in shading treatment than in no shade.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 1989

Ginseng plants in the 2nd year were grown under the shade (90-95%) of colored cellophane films at $15^{\circ}C$ in a natural light phytotron. Relative root grown (final/initial) was in decreasing order of blue, green, white, yellow and red. The growth of aerial part, especially stem length was poorest in blue light with relative root growth negatively correlated with stem length. In this relation each color showed specific domain. Stem length showed positive linear correlation with leaf area per plant in each and among light though it was not significant in red light. The content and ratio of chlorophyll a and b in leaf were in the decreasing order of White, Blue, Green, Red and Yellow. There is positive correlation between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and between total chlorophyll and chl:a/b ratio. Blue color shade is expected to be beneficial for ginseng production.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.263-273
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• 2011

Digital textile printing(DTP) technology made considerable advances in recent years. In this study, a pre-treatment agent has been prepared for the better coloration of digital textile printing. The ink formulation contained three kinds of 5g thickener (CMC, Sodium alginate, Dextrin), 25g urea, 5g sodium carbonate, and 465g distilled water. The optimal sharpness of outline was found in the 1-3% concentration of the pre-treating agent with a viscosity of 10-15 cSt. Even if the color difference between untreated and treated samples was not apparent in the printing step, the color appearance increased after steaming. The color appearance of cyan, magenta, yellow, black reactive colorants increased in the order of CMC>Sodium alginate>Dextrin. Wash fastness to shade change and staining for the treated samples were 4-5 rating, while untreated sample was 1-2 rating. Also, the pre-treated sample with 1:1 mixtures had 4-5 rating. Both dry and wet rubbing fastness to shade change and staining were excellent in the treated samples, whereas rubbing fastness of untreated sample was 1-2 rating. With exception of 3 rating to black color, light fastness properties were 4 rating for the remaining three colors in the regardless of treatment condition and mixing of pre-treating agents. Dry cleaning fastness of all samples were also 4-5 rating irrespective of treatment condition and mixing of pre-treating agents.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of shading (0, 35, 55, 75, 95% to incident sunlight) on the growth of Hedera rhombea Bean and Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. in order to determine optimum light intensity for ground cover plants. H. rhombea showed a upright growth type under 95% shading and P. terminalis was highest under 35% shading. Number of branches was not significantly affected by shading levels. Stem diameter and length were reduced under shading from 35% to 95%. Leaf growth was vigorous under 35% and 55% shade condition. Leaves became longer with decreasing light intensity, but shorter in 95% shading than control. There was a slight trend that total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b contents increased with decreasing light intensity, and so did chlorophyll a/b ratio. Fresh and dry weight of both plants were higher under 35, 55, and 75% shading than control and 95% shading. Specific leaf weight tended to decrease with reduction of light intensity. Thus, optimum light intensity for growth of them may be 35 and 55% shading of incident sunlight. In addition, it is possible to grow them under even 75% shading of incident sunlight.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The aims of the study were to evaluate the fracture load of zirconia core material after dipping in coloring liquid at different time intervals and to compare the color of dipped blocks with that of prefabricated shaded blocks. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 3-unit bridge frameworks were designed digitally. Sixty frameworks were fabricated using uncolored zirconia blocks by CAD/CAM and divided into 4 groups randomly (n = 15). Group 2 (G2) was subjected to coloring liquids for 2 minutes, Group 4 (G4) for 4 minutes, and Group 6 (G6) for 6 minutes. CFS group was not subjected to any coloring procedure. After coloring, color differences between the test groups and a prefabricated shaded zirconia group (CPZ, n = 15) were evaluated by using a spectrophotometer. Fracture test was conducted immediately after shade evaluation with a Testometric test device at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/sec. Statistical analysis for evaluating color and fracture load was performed by using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test ($P{\leq}.05$). Weibull analysis was conducted for distribution of fracture load. RESULTS. There was no difference in terms of fracture load and color between CFS (1176.681 N) and G2 (985.638 N) group and between CPZ (81.340) and G2 (81.140) group, respectively. Fracture load values of G4 (779.340 N) and G6 (935.491 N) groups were statistically significantly lower than that of CFS group ($P{\leq}.005$). The color values of G4 (79.340) and G6 (79.673) groups were statistically different than that of CPZ group ($P{\leq}.005$). CONCLUSION. Prolonged immersion of zirconia in coloring liquid not only negatively affected the fracture load of the zirconia being tested in the current study but also deteriorated the desired shade of the restoration.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.808-814
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• 2013

In this study, The mixture of three kinds of pre-treatment agents, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt(CMC), Sodium alginate and Dextrin, have been prepared for the better coloration of digital textile printing. To get sharpness of outline during digital printing process, the optimal formulation is the CMC and Sodium alginate mixture 1:1 ratio by volume. Cyan, Yellow, and Black colours are excellent on the Sodium alginate mixtures. But, Magenta is excellent in the CMC and Dextrin mixture. Sharpness and printability are closely related to viscosity of the mixture. The most optimal sharpness of outline achieved with a consideration of coloring, and field operations account for production when the viscosity of the mixed pre-treatment agent approximately is 10~13 cSt. Change in shade and staining of wash fastness for all the treated samples with the mixtures rated 4-5 grade. Both dry rubbing fastness to shade change and staining are good in the treated samples, whereas wet rubbing fastness rated 2-3 grade. To improve wet rubbing fastness, the Sodium alginate and Dextrine mixture, which rated 3-4 grade for Black color, is applicable. With exception of 3 rating to black color, Light fastness is 4 rating for the remaining three colors in the regardless of treatment condition and mixing of the pre-treatment agent. Dry cleaning fastness of all samples are also 4-5 rating.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.611-619
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• 2008

2.5D Mapping system that embody in this paper can make new design by doing draping to live various texture and model picture image of fashion clothes by pattern, and can confirm clothes work to simulation without producing direction sample or product directly. Also, the system can support function that can forecast fabric design and state of end article exactly, and the system can bring competitive power elevation of fashion industry and cost-cutting effect by doing draping using database of fabric and model picture image. 2.5D Mapping system composed and embodied by mesh warp algorithm module, light and shade extraction and application module, mapping path extraction module, mesh creation and transformation module, and 2.5D mapping module for more natural draping. Future work plans to study 3D fashion design system that graft together 3D clothes technology and 3D human body embodiment technology to do based on embodiment technology of 2.5D mapping system and overcomes expression limit of 2.5D mapping technology.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.168-174
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate alloys spectrophotometrically including yttrium of nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys, which are used as substitutes for the regulation of beryllium and provide helpful improvements in Ni-Cr alloys. Methods: Four groups of specimens (ZN, ZY, SN and EM) were prepared for analysis. Color parameters were measured with a spectrophotometer, and color difference (∆E^*) was calculated. The t-test and one-way analysis of variance test were used to determine significant difference, and the Tukey test was used to identify where the differences were. To measure the spectroscopic reflectivity, the spectroscopic reflectance was measured and converted into CIE L^*, a^*, b^* color system. Results: The ∆E^* value of each metal ceramic group after opaque firing of Ni-Cr alloy with and without yttrium was <2, and the total group color difference (∆E^*) was below 1 in the dentin ceramic all experimental group. However, the a^* and b^* values of the metal ceramic groups were higher than that in the lithium disilicate all ceramic group, and the chroma was higher than the natural tooth. The brightness of all experimental groups was similar to that of the shade guide sample. Conclusion: Yttrium added to Ni-Cr alloys showed similar CIE L^*, a^*, b^* values to Ni-Cr alloys that did not contain yttrium, indicating that yttrium had no effect on color in metallic ceramic systems.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of resin cement color, cement thickness, and thermocycling on the final color of monolithic lithium disilicate crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of ninety prepared central incisors of typodont teeth were restored with lithium disilicate crowns which have different cement thicknesses (40 ㎛, 80 ㎛, and 120 ㎛) and cement shades (clear, yellow, and white). Color parameters of restorations were measured with a spectrophotometer in three different steps 1) before cementing 2) after cementing and 3) after thermocycling with 10000 cycles. Color differences (ΔE₀₀) were calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula and evaluated according to perceptibility (0.8) and acceptability (1.8) thresholds. The ΔE₀₀ data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA before and after thermocycling (α = .05). RESULTS. There was no interaction between the cement shade and the cement thickness factors. After cementation, the mean ΔE₀₀ was under the perceptibility threshold in the group of 40 ㎛ cement thickness and clear cement while it was between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds (0.8 < ΔE₀₀ < 1.8) for all other groups. After thermocycling, the ΔE₀₀ values were between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds for all experimental groups. Although there were no significant differences among the groups, thermocycling increased the color difference values. CONCLUSION. The cementation of restorations with clear, yellow, and white resin cements resulted in color differences with uncemented restorations except for the group cemented with clear cement in 40 ㎛ cement thickness. All study groups revealed perceptible color change after thermocycling.