• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 1972

A roentgenographic cephalometric study was made on the soft and hard tissue profile of Korean adults. The subject consisted of 52 males and 54 females from 17 to 22 years of age and with normal occlusion and acceptable profile. Twenty one landmarks were plotted and two oriented lines named SnH line and SnV line were drawn on the tracings of all cephalograms. The means and the standard deviations from the subjects were calculated in each measuring category and the means were compared with those of male and femal samples. The results were obtained as follow: 1. In depth and height, individual variations and sex differences of the lower facial profile were larger than the upper face. 2. The sex differences of upper facial profile were larger in height than depth. 3. The individual variations and sex differences of the top of nose were the smallest in all measuring points. 4. The thickness of the soft tissue of upper face and upper lip in male sample were larger than those of female, but the same matter were not found in mental region.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-90
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• 1994

This study investigated sex differences in children's self-efficacy and causal relationships between children's self-efficacy and home environment. The home environment factors included mother's efficacy, marital satisfaction, child rearing attitudes, and socio-economic status. The subjects were 491 fifth and sixth grade children and their mothers. The data were analyzed by t-test using the SAS $PC^+$ program and covariance structural analysis using the PC-LISREL VI. The results showed that there were no sex differences in children's global self-efficacy level, but there were sex differences in some subfactors. Furthermore, we found that the same causal model appears for both sexs in the relationship between home environment and children's self-efficacy. That is, socio-economic status of the home and mother's psychological factors influenced mother's attitudes for child rearing which had a direct impact on children's self-efficacy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 1993

Anthropometric characteristics and considerations of sex differences are essential for the correct design of ergonomic work spaces. This paper is concerned with longitudinal study on the physical growth in Korean youth. Three hundred eighty-seven subjects were selected from third year students of high schools, and their records on physical examination during the last twelve years were surveyed by longitudinal method. For boys and girls, this study investigated the anthropometric characteristics of physical structure and the shape of physical growth. The result showed that the physical growth spurt of girl occurred earlier than that of boy. Also, by regression analysis, the third-order polynomial function was suitable for the growth curves of stature and weight, and there were significant sex differences in the fitted curves.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.81-103
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• 1982

The aim of this study was to investigate the variation in shape, size and area of the pharynx and adenoids, and to analyze the relationship between pharyngeal cavity and upper facial cranium which effected on morphology of those parts in Korean. Age changes and sex differences in those areas were comprised in this study. Materials included 272 lateral cephalograms, which were divided into 4 groups by age; (1) 7-year-old group consisted of 29 males and 30 females, (2) 12-year-old group consisted of 30 males and 30 females, (3) 17-year-old group consisted of 30 males and 40 females, (4) 20-year-old group consisted of 37 males and 46 females. In subjects each variable was measured and evaluated statistically introducing 17 reference points and 17 reference lines respectively. Conclusions from this study were as follows. 1. Linear measurements of the bony nasopharynx revealed that the depth and height were larger in male than those in female in 17 and 20-year-old groups. 2. Linear measurements of the upper facial cranium were larger in male than those in female in all age groups. 3. Angular measurements of the bony nasopharynx and upper facial cranium did not show, on an average, sex differences in each age group. 4. As regards area of the bony nasopharynx, it increased gradually with age in both sexes. And the area was greater in male than that in female in 17 and 20-year old groups. 5. There were sex differences in area of the adenoids of which the area was larger in male than that in female in 17 and 20-year-old groups. And the area reached a peak at 17-year-old group in male and at 12 year-old group in female. 6. Area of the pharyngeal cavity increased gradually with age in both sexes, but no sex differences were noted in each age group. 7. Rate of area of the adenoids to that of the pharyngeal cavity decreased continually with age, and no sex differences were noted in all age groups. 8. In amounts and its differences of the growth, there were sex differences in the posterior upper facial height, and were not in area of the bony nasopharynx, pharyngeal cavity and adenoids in each age group.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2017

In this article, we review the differences of the brain morphology according to age, sex, and handedness. Age is a well-known factor affecting brain morphology. With aging, progressive reduction of brain volume is driven. Sex also has great effects on brain morphology. Although there are some reports that the differences of brain morphology may originate from the differences of weight between the 2 sexes, studies have demonstrated that there are regional differences even after the correction for weight. Handedness has long been regarded as a behavioral marker of functional asymmetry. Although there have been debates about the effect of handedness on brain morphology, previous well-established studies suggest there are differences in some regions according to handedness. Even with the studies done so far, normal brain morphology is not fully understood. Therefore, studies specific for the each ethnic group and standardized methods are needed to establish a more reliable database of healthy subjects' brain morphology.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.91-104
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• 1999

This study used reversed sex-typed programs as an educational tool to teach preschool children about varieties of sex roles. The subjects were 85 four- and five-year-old kindergarten children, half of whom were assigned to the experimental group and half to the control group. The children's sex role stereotypes decreased after participation in reversed sex-typed programs. Girls' scores of sex role stereotypes were higher in terms of own sex and in child and adult activity but lower in terms of the opposite sex than those of boys. There were differences in the scores of sex-role stereotypes in terms of child activity and adult activity.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1996

Sex education in the U.K. follows an ideal model, co-operation where ever possible between homes, schools, and communities, whereas in Korea schools are mostly responsible for sex education. Moreover, Central Government and LEAs are deeply involved in school sex education in the U.K., in contrast, the concrete help at Government level is very limited in Korea though the necessity of sex education is acknowledged. These differences be accounted for by the different social and cultural backgrounds of the two countries, especially given the different thoughts of the people-oriental and occidental-. In the U.K., sex education has been a compulsory subject in secondary schools since 1994 (by the Education Act 1993), and it is well managed with the support at Government level as compared with that of Korea. Sex education in the U.K. may give some lessons for practising and developing sex education in Korea because the people in both countries have similarly conservative thinking about school sex education and it is implemented very carefully in the U.K.. In this article, a general comparison of background, policy, aims, content, management, teacher training, and materials of sex education between the two countries is made.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.290-299
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in knowledge, attitude, sexual experiences, and intention of safe sex behavior between pornography exposures and non-exposures. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 196 non-exposures and 160 exposures among high school students in the Chungnam Province. Data were collected from Dec.1 to Dec. 23, 2005. Result: The results of this study were as follows: The pornography exposures had more liberal attitudes, more sexual intercourses in sexual experiences, and less intention of safe sex behavior than the pornography non-exposures. There was no significant differences in sexual knowledge between the pornography exposures and non-exposures. Especially the score of knowledge related to contraceptive methods and venereal diseases was relatively low in both groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that pornography can affect sexual attitudes, sexual experiences, and intention of safe sex behavior. An effective 'safe sex' education program needs to be developed for high school students. especially for pornography exposures.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.187-204
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality with gender and sex-role identity in high school students. Care-oriented morality was assessed by Modified Care-based Morality Measure based on Gilligan's(1982) theory. Justice-oriented morality was assessed by the Korean Defining Issues Test(DIT). Sex role identity was assessed by the Korean Sex Role Inventory(KSRI). The subjects of this study were 157 females and 143 males, the age of 17 to 19 years old. The average level of care-oriented morality of the subjects was on level 1.5(transition from survival to responsibility) and the P score(post conventional level) of justice-oriented morality was pretty high. There were significant differences between females and males in the levels of care-oriented morality as well as justice-oriented morality. There were significant differences in sex role identity types by level of care-oriented morality. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in sex role identity types by level of justice-oriented morality.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 1985

This study was carried out to learn about the contents of communication between mother and her adolescents in this country, and possible differences in the contents of communication with demographic variables. In particular, I wanted to find out the following; 1)contents of communication between mother and her adolescents. 2)Contents of communication between parents with adolescents. 3)Possible differences in the contents of communication with differences in the level of education, employment status, and age of mother, family income level, and sex, and birth order of children. To test these hypotheses, I distributed questionnaires to 600 mothers of selected high school juniors(11th grade) in Seoul. Four hundred and fourty-eight questionnaires were returned, and the results were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentage, and x2-test. The results were as following; 1) In general, mothers communicated well with their adolescents, especially in topics related to studying, friends, school, parents and family, and future career. Communication on sex-education or sex-role, however, was rather limited in contents. ool, parents and family. Communication on sex-education or sex-role of adolescent was almost never attempted. This result showed similarity with 1 above. 3) (1) contents of communication and educational level of mother; contents of communication between mother and her adolescents differed significantly with educational level on all topics except parents and family, indicating that the educational level of mother, the more diverse was contents of communication between mother and her adolescents. (2) Contents of communication and employment status of mother: On all topics except sex-education, communication between mother and her adolescents differed significantly between employed and unemployed mothers, indicating that unemployed mothers communicate on greater number of topics with their adolescents than employed mothers do. (3) contents of communication and family income level; Family income level did not affect contents of communication between mother and her adolescents significantly. (4) contents of communication and age of mother; Age of mother did not affect a contents of communication between mother and her adolescents significantly. (5) contents of communication and sex of adolescent; Thee were significant differences in contents of communication on certain topics; On virginity, sex, marriage, and dating, mother communicate more diversely with daughters than with sons. This result certainly reflects the deep-rooted traditional value system among koreans, with permissive attitude toward males, and far more strict attitude toward females, on sex-related matters. (6) Contents of communication and birth order of adolescents; The birth order of adolescents did not affect contents of communication between mother and her adolescents significantly.