• 제목/요약/키워드: sex differences

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Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy

  • Kim, Hae-In;Lim, Hyesol;Moon, Aree
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.335-342
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    • 2018
  • The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.

Global Sex Differences in Cancer Mortality with Age and Country Specific Characteristics

  • Liu, Lee
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권7호
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    • pp.3469-3476
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    • 2016
  • Background: The cancer research literature suggests that women, especially premenopausal women, have lower cancer mortality rates than men. However, it is unclear if that is true for populations at all age levels in all countries and what factors affect such sex differences. This paper attempts to fill that gap. Materials and Methods: Sex- and country-specific cancer mortality data were statistically analyzed with particular attention to geographic, social, and economic factors that may affect the sex differences. Results: The sex differences were age and country specific, rather than universal. Premenopausal women actually tend to have a disadvantage compared to men or postmenopausal women. Male cancer mortality appears to be the affecting factor in explaining variations in sex differences. Latitude of residence and literacy rate are the affecting factors in cancer mortality and sex differences. African and Latin American countries tend to have a female disadvantage, while East Asian and Eastern European countries are more likely to have a female advantage. Conclusions: The findings challenge the cancer mortality literature and indicate that the sex differences and their possible causes are more complicated than the current literature suggests. They also highlight the urgency of adapting age- and country- specific health systems and policies to better meet the needs of younger women.

성별에 따른 일화기억 차이에 대한 체계적 고찰 (A Systematic Review on Sex Differences in Episodic Memory)

  • 이지영;박진혁
    • 재활치료과학
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    • 제9권4호
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    • pp.95-106
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    • 2020
  • 목적 : 본 연구는 성별에 따른 일화기억의 차이에 대한 체계적 고찰을 통해 성별에 따른 인지 중재 및 관련 연구의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2010년부터 2019년 사이의 문헌을 Cochrane, Google Scholar, KISS, PubMed, PsycINFO 데이터베이스를 통해 검색하였다. 검색 키워드로는 'Sex differences' or 'Gender differences' and 'Episodic memory' or 'Autobiographical memory'를 사용하였다. 8편의 연구를 최종적으로 선택하여 연구의 질적 수준, 연구 대상자, 일화기억 평가 방법, 주요 측정변수, 수행 결과 분석하였다. 결과 : 총 8편의 연구 질적 수준을 분석한 결과, 수준 II에 해당하는 연구 5편(62.5%), 수준 III에 해당하는 연구는 3편(37.5%)으로 전반적인 질적 수준은 높았다. 분석 결과, 주로 성인과 노인이 연구 대상자에 포함되어 있었다. 일화기억 평가 방법은 인지과제 또는 표준화된 검사를 이용하는 방법으로 구분되었으며, 시각 또는 청각 자극을 제시한 후 일정 시간이 지난 뒤 자유회상을 실시하고 있었으며 그 수행을 측정하였다. 전반적으로 여성이 남성에 비해 높은 수준을 보였고 특히 청각적 일화기억에서 뚜렷한 차이를 나타냈다. 반면 시각적 일화기억에서는 성별에 따른 유의한 차이를 확인하지 못하였다. 결론 : 성별에 따른 일화기억의 차이를 확인하기 위해 다양한 방식으로 평가를 실시하여 일화기억을 평가하고 있었으며, 전반적으로 여성이 남성보다 높은 수준의 일화기억 수준을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 임상에서 성별의 차이를 고려한 인지적 중재를 시행할 필요성을 시사한다. 후속 연구에서는 생태학적인 타당도를 높이기 위해 일화기억 평가가 필요할 것이다.

Molecular Markers in Sex Differences in Cancer

  • Shin, Ji Yoon;Jung, Hee Jin;Moon, Aree
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.331-341
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    • 2019
  • Cancer is one of the common causes of death with a high degree of mortality, worldwide. In many types of cancers, if not all, sex-biased disparities have been observed. In these cancers, an individual's sex has been shown to be one of the crucial factors underlying the incidence and mortality of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that differentially expressed genes and proteins may contribute to sex-biased differences in male and female cancers. Therefore, identification of these molecular differences is important for early diagnosis of cancer, prediction of cancer prognosis, and determination of response to specific therapies. In the present review, we summarize the differentially expressed genes and proteins in several cancers including bladder, colorectal, liver, lung, and nonsmall cell lung cancers as well as renal clear cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The sex-biased molecular differences were identified via proteomics, genomics, and big data analysis. The identified molecules represent potential candidates as sex-specific cancer biomarkers. Our study provides molecular insights into the impact of sex on cancers, suggesting strategies for sex-biased therapy against certain types of cancers.

소구 유형별 Jean 의류광고에 대한 소비자 태도-성적.비성적 소구유형을 중심으로 (Consumer's Attitudes Toward Jeans Wear Advertisements by Appeal Type)

  • 황춘섭
    • 복식
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    • 제37권
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    • pp.191-209
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    • 1998
  • The present study was made to contribute to thed improvement of the quality of jeans wear advertising, and to the establishment of more effective advertising policy by which the jeans wear advertisements can go well with the unique charateristics of jeans wear. The study analyzed the consumer's attitude and dimention of affective responses toward jeans wear advertisements by type of appeal. The research was implemented through the survery with a representative sample of 344 consumers residing in Seoul. Means, Standard Deviation, ANOVA, Duncan Test, Facor Analysis and Regression were imployed to analyze the data gathered. The results of the study are as follows : (1) There are four dimentions of affective responses toward jeans wear advertisements ; upbeat-activation dimention, erotic-activation dimention, calm-emotional dimention, negative emotional demention. (2) According to consumer's sex, there are significant differences in each dimention of their affective responses. Toward sex-appeal advertisements, men show high degree of affective responses in upbeat-activation dimen-sion and calm-emotional dimension. (3) There is a probability that non-sex-appeal advertisement covers wider range of consumer than sex-appeal advertisements. (4) There is no significant different in affective responses towards both sex-appeal and non-sex-appeal advertisement of jeans wear between and among sex·age and involvement level of consumer. (5) Men prefer sex-appeal advertisement to non-sex-appeal advertisement, while there is no significant differences between the attitude of female consumers toward sex-appeal adver-tisement and non-sex-appeal advertisement. (6) In particular, age of 15∼18 and 30∼35 group of female consumer show very positive attitude toward sex-appeal advertisement. Therefore, there is a need to segment female jeans wear market by age groups. (7) According to the age and the involvement level of consumers, there is a significant differences in their attitudes toward advertise-ment. In case of male consumers, group of low level involvement prefer sex-appeal advertise-ment to non-sex-appeal advertisement. While high level involvement group did not show any significant differences between the attitude toward sex-appeal advertisement and the attitude toward non-sex-appeal advertisement. And the age of 15∼24, low level involvement group of female consumers also more positive attitude toward sex-appeal advertisement than toward non-sex-appeal advertisements.

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Sex-Gender Differences in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  • Kim, Young Sun;Kim, Nayoung
    • Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.544-558
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    • 2018
  • Because of the sex-gender differences that are shown in a diversity of physiological and psychological factors, it can be speculated that the clinical presentation of symptoms as well as treatment strategies in women and men with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may differ. Studies have revealed that IBS is more common in women than men. As for the IBS subtype, IBS with constipation is significantly more prevalent among women than men. Sex hormones and gender differences may play important roles in the pathophysiology of IBS. However, its pathophysiologic mechanisms still remain largely unknown, and therapeutic implications are limited. Moreover, women IBS patients have been reported to feel more fatigue, depression, anxiety, and lower quality of life than men IBS patients. Furthermore, there has been evidence of differences in the appropriate treatment efficacy to IBS in men and women, although relatively few men are enrolled in most relevant clinical trials. A more sex-gender-oriented approach in the medical care setting could improve understanding of heterogeneous patients suffering from IBS. An individualized and multicomponent approach including sex and gender issues might help improve the treatment of IBS.

성별, 인종별, 사회 경제적 특성에 따른 지능 차이 (Sex, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences on Intelligence)

  • 이영주
    • 아동학회지
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    • 제26권5호
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    • pp.31-38
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    • 2005
  • This study investigated the performance of 346 students on the Reynold intellectual Assessment Scale scores for sex, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences. The sample consisted of 198 males and 148 females(271 White, 32 Black, 20 Hispanic, 8 Asian, and 15 others) who were referred for gifted evaluation. The findings indicated significant differences between the IQ scores with regard to sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Implications of these findings are discussed. in terms of assessing minority group members with the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) to identify gifted children.

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전형적·비전형적 성역할 VTR 프로그램이 유아의 성역할 고정관념에 미치는 효과 (The Effects of Traditional and Reversed Sex-Typed VTR Programs on Preschool Children's Sex Role Stereotypes)

  • 홍연애;정옥분
    • 아동학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.39-57
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    • 1993
  • The primary purpose of this study was to develop an educational tool that can be used in teaching young children about different types of sex roles. The secondary purpose was to observe and analyze the effects of watching different sex role video programs on preschool children's sex role stereotypes and to determine the lasting effects. The subjects of this study were 89 six year-old kindergarten children, forty five were girls and forty-four boys. Each child was interviewed individually and tested at three different points in time: 1 week before the treatment, immediately after the treatment, and 4 weeks after the treatment. Three different statistical procedures were used in analyzing the data: ANOVAs for sex differences in sex role stereotypes. ANCOVAs for the different effects of traditional sex role programs and reversed sex-typed sex role programs, and ANCOVAs and Lindquist type III ANOVAs for the lasting effects of the treatment. The findings of the study indicated that (1) the children showed sex differences in the scores of sex role stereotypes of own, opposite sex and child activity; (2) there were differences in the scores of sex role stereotypes in terms of own and opposite sex. That is, viewing the reversed sex-typed programs caused a decrease in children's sex role stereotypes; and (3) the traditional and reversed sex-typed sex role programs tested four weeks after treatment showed significant lasting effects of sex role stereotypes in terms of opposite, composite and adult activity. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the sex stereotypes of kindergarten children can be changed through sex role VTR programs.

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Sex Differences in the Preventive Effect of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Therapeutics on Dementia

  • Sun Ah Choi;Hye Jin Jee;Katrina Joy Bormate;Yeonjae Kim;Yi-Sook Jung
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제31권6호
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    • pp.583-598
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    • 2023
  • Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive impairment of cognitive and functional abilities. As currently applied treatments for dementia can only delay the progression of dementia and cannot fundamentally cure it, much attention is being paid to reducing its incidence by preventing the associated risk factors. Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are well-known risk factors for dementia, and many studies have attempted to prevent dementia by treating these risk factors. Growing evidence suggests that sex-based factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of dementia. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the differences in the effects of drugs based on sex may help improve their effectiveness. In this study, we reviewed sex differences in the impact of therapeutics targeting risk factors for dementia, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, to prevent the incidence and/or progression of dementia.

양극성장애 환자와 대조군에서 뇌파 코히런스의 성별 차이 (The Sex-Related Differences of EEG Coherences between Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Controls)

  • 유현주;이유상;안은숙;정동화;김성균;정재승;곽용태;이승연
    • 생물정신의학
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.205-215
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    • 2015
  • Objectives Sex hormones exposure during the prenatal period has an effect on cerebral lateralization. Male brains are thought to be more lateralized than female brains. Bipolar disorder was known to show abnormalities in cerebral laterality whose characteristics could be estimated by electroencephalography (EEG) coherences. We studied sex-related differences of EEG coherences between healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder to examine the sex effects in the genesis of bipolar disorder. Methods Participants were 25 patients with bipolar disorder (11 male, 14 female) and 46 healthy controls (23 male, 23 female). EEG was recorded in the eyes closed resting state. To examine dominant EEG coherence associated with sex differences in both groups within five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) across several brain regions, statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance. Results Though statistically meaningful results were not found, some remarkable findings were noted. Healthy control females showed more increased interhemispheric coherences than control males in gamma frequency band. There were no differences in the intrahemispheric coherences between the healthy control males and females. In patients with bipolar disorder, female dominant pattern in interhemispheric coherences was attenuated compared with healthy control. Conclusions Sex differences of EEG coherences, which could be a marker for cerebral laterality, were attenuated in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. These results imply that abnormal sex hormone exposure during early development might play some role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.