• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.537-551
• /
• 1994

The dietry effects of marine n-3, plant n-3 and plant n-6 fatty acid on serum lipids levels, liver phospholipid fatty acid composition in rat were investigated. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 weeks old, were fed on one of 4 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 15% fat(w/w) of either concentrated EPA oil(20:5, n-3 : 65%), fish oil(20:5, n-3 : 19%, 22:6, n-3 : 18%), perilla oil(18:3, n-3 : 60%) or corn oil(18:2, n-6 : 49%). Blood was initially taken before experimental feeding and also taken after 2 weeks and 4 weeks feeding the diet respectively and then examined for the levels of serum lipids. Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after the diet for the analysis of liver phospholipid fatty acid. EPA feeding remarkably decreased the serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total phospholipid than any other oil feeding. Fish oil feeding decreased serum HDL-cholesterol level comparable to the effect of EPA feeding and decreased total cholesterol and phospholipid less than but close to the effect of EPA feeding. Perilla oil feeding did not change serum levels of triglyceride and phospholipid, but it decreased serum total cholesterol a lot and HDL-cholesterol a little. Corn oil feeding did not affect triglyceride and total cholesterol while it increased serum level of HDL-cholesterol and total phospholipid. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was increased only in corn oil group. But contrary to the result of serum total phospholipid, liver phospholipid level found to be higher in fish oil and EPA groups than in perilla oil and corn groups. The fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine(PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) turned out to be affected by dietary fatty acid. 18:2 of liver PC was the lowest in FO group following CO group. The ratio of 20:4/18:2 was lower in PO group than in EPA group in consequence of higher 18:2 and lower 20:4 in PO group and vise versa in EPA group. In the liver PC and PE, similar trends in the ratios of n-6/n-3 and 20:4/18 were found showing higher ratios with CO and EPA group over FO and PO group. EPA group showed the lowest level of 20:5 and lower level of 20:6 than group. Fish oil was more efficient than EPA oil and PO in lowering the ratio of n-6/n-3 in consequence of the highest 22:6, and the lowest 18:2 in liver phospholipid. But PO lowers the ratio or 20:4/18 more than FO. In conclusion, EPA oil was more effective in lowering serum lipids than FO and PO. Reviewing the dietary effect of fatty acid on eicosanoids composition in rats, it is considered that more possibility was with FO than PO in the effectiveness of atherosclerosis prevention and more with PO than with EPA oil. It was also found that FO showed more effective than EPA oil for atherosclerosis prevention. It was hardly found that CO had any effect on lowering serum lipids and on eicosanoids composition in liver phospholipid for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.338-343
• /
• 1998

Artemisia iwayomogi(A. iwayomogi) is a major edible vegetable in Korea. A iwayomogi containing a strong bitter taste, particularly, is known to manifest an effect on cough, abdominal pain, indigestion and bleeding. In this experiment, ethanol extract of A. iwayomogi(50mg/kg body weight) was fed to growing male Sprague-Dawley rats for four weeks in order to examine the lipid lowering effect of A. iwayomogi in the live and serum. High fat diet included 10% lard, 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. The administration of A. iwayomogi extract decreased serum cholesterol compared with the control. At the same time, serum triglyceride(TG) was decreased to 25%. Although atherogenic index and HTR tended to decrease, phospholipid level in the serum was shown to increase by A. iwayomogi administration. At the same token, total liver lipids were decreased to 40%. The group fed both high fat and ethanol extract showed 28% decrease of liver lipids compared with the group fed only high fat diet. On the other hand, HDL cholesteol level of high fat and extract fed group was increased to 30% compared with the non-extract-fed control. Liver TG also was decreased to about 21% in the extract fed groups. Liver phospholipids, particularly, exceeded more than double of the level of high fat control. The above results indicate than A. iwayomogi exert a strong hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effect which may lead to the protection from hypertention, obesity, stroke and many other circulatory diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.30 no.7
• /
• pp.770-780
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chitosan and NOCC from different sources and of different molecular weights on lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley rats were blocked into 26 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 4 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the level of 0 or 400 ppm in diet. Various chitosan and NOCC sources were given at the level of 0%(w/w) of diet. Total serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were little affected by chitosan and NOCC supplements. However, HDL-cholesterol concentration and HDL : total cholesterol ratio were increased , and liver lipid, cholesterol , and triglyceride concentration were decreased by chitosan and NOCC supplements. The cholesterol and lipid lowering activity depends on fiber sources(crab and shrimp); type (chitosan and NOCC); and molecular weight(low , medium , and high). Among cadmium-free groups, chitosan-fed groups showed greater activity than NOCC -fed groups in lowering cholesterol and lipid levels, and greater fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. Crab chitosans were more effective in cholesterol and lipid lowering activity than shrimp chitosans. The group fed high molecular weight crab chitosan showed the highest fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. This indicated that high molecular weight crab chitosan was most effective in interfering with cholesterol and lipid absorption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 1984

The effect of fiber sources on lipid metabolism was investigated in relation to the level of dietary fat. After rats were fed each diet for 4 weeks, all animals were sacrificed to collect the liver, and blood samples by heart puncture. Total lipid, total cholesterol, phospholipid and HDL- cholesterol were determined in serum. Total lipid and total cholesterol were also determined in liver. These results were compared with the histochemical appearances by the method of Oil red-O staining. Higher level of fat in the diet appeared to increase the total lipid levels in serum and more fat in the liver cells were shown from the high fat diet judging from the E.M. pictures. Phospholipid concentration in serum was greater in the rats of high fat groups than those of the control or non-fat groups. High fat level caused to decrease the HDL- cholesterol concentration in serum. Pectin decreased serum and liver lipids and the deposit of fat in the liver cells. HDL-cholesterol levels in serum was increased by pectin. Whereas the cellulose supplementation had no effect to reduce serum and liver total lipid levels, and cellulose did not decreased the deposit of fat in the liver cells. From these results, it is concluded that dietary fat levels led to changes in the lipid metabolism of rats and pectin may exhibit a lowering total lipid contents in serum and liver. Cellulose may slightly elevate serum and liver levels, or have no lowering effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.1031-1036
• /
• 1996

Effect of soybean hydrolysate prepared by ultrafiltration(UF-peptide) was evaluated regarding its action on blood pressure, selected biochemical changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR). Male SHR were divided into three groups and fed diet with 0, 3, 10% UF-peptide for 6 weeks. Development of hypertension was determined by tail cuff method during the experimental period. After the experimental period, angiotension I converting enzyme(ACE) activity in serum and vascular tissue, and lipids level in serum were measured. Spontaneous elevation of blood pressure was suppressed by the UF-peptide supplementation after two weeks of feeding. After five weeks of feeding the development of hypertension was significantly inhibited in the UF-peptide administered groups compared to the control. In addition, the UF-peptide was effective for lowering serum lipids level such as triglyceride and total cholesterol, as well as ameliorating some pathological changes in SHR.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 1985

The influence of fat level and dietary fiber on serum and liver lipid concentration of the rat was investigated. Groups of rats were fed respectively 3%, 5%, 20% fat containing and free fiber diet until 5th week. From 5th week to 9th week high fat diet groups of rates were devided high fat diet group, high fat pectin supplemented diet group and high fat celulose supplemented diet group. Pectin and cellulose at 10% was supplemented to high fat diets. After rats were fed for 9 weeks, all rats were sacrificed to collect the liver and blood samples by heart puncture. Serum and liver lipids were determined on all rats and compared the histochemical lipid staining method with the biochemical analysis of serum and liver lipids. A high fat diet caused increased level of the total lipids, total cholesterol and free cholesterol contents in the liver and the serum. Rats fed pectin reduced body weight, werum lipid and liver lipid but cellulose had no effect to reduce serum and liver lipid concentration. These results indicate that dietary fat level led to changes in the lipid metabolism of rats and that pectin was more effective in lowering serum and liver lipid than cellulose.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.229-243
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary fibers from tangerine peels on lipid and cadmium metabolism. And effects were compared with those of commercial dietary fibers($\alpha$-cellulose, citrus pectin). Sixty male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 186.7$\pm$2.6g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 2 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the levels of 0 of 400 ppm in diet. Various dietary fibers were given at the level of 0 or 4%(w/w) of diet. The results are summarized as follow. In lipid metabolism, insoluble fibers[insoluble dietary fibers from tangerine peels(IDE), $\alpha$-celluolse] increased fecal excretion of lipids by inhcreasing feces weight, and decreased the concentrations of serum triglyceride and liver lipids. Soluble dietary fibers from tangerine peels(SDF) decreased the concentrations of serum cholesterol and liver lipids by increasing fecal lipids, too. In cadmium metabolism, soluble fivers(SDF, pectin) inhibited Cd absorption by increasing fecal Cd excretion and decreased Cd concentrations of intestion, liver and kidney. In conclusion, among the extracted fibers, SDF were more effective on lipid and Cd lowering activity and IDF had effect of increasing fecal lipid excretion. This result is useful to reduce food waste and utilize waste products.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 1998

The feeding effects of Herba hottuynia extracts on the lipids profiles and the content of TAB-reactive substances were evaluated in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Hot water or ethanol extracts of the dried leave were evaporated and lyophilized . The experimental animals wer edevided to four groups and fed the following diets for 4 weeks : BAsal (cholesterol-free diet), CHOL(cholesterol-enriched diet),CW (cholesterol plus water extract) and CE(cholesterol plus ethanol extract). Dietary cholesterol increased significantly the activities of serum GOT and GPT, but the extracts feeding (0.5% of diet) did not influence the activities induced by dietary cholesterol. Although dietary cholesterol increased significantly the concentrationof serum andliver cholesterol, it tended to decrease the concentation of serum triglycerides. CHolesterol feeding had a lowering effect on the lipid peroxidation value of serum, but not inliver.Furthermore, the extracts feeding, especially water extract, decreased markedly the liver peroxidation value. The results suggest that Houttyunia cordata extracts have an in vivo antioxidant effect, judged from the TBA value in the liver rats fed a high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.467-476
• /
• 1990

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different fat diets on the serum lipid composition and on the morphology of liver tissue of the spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR), Rats were fed for 17 weeks one of four fat diets, control(corn oil : beef tallow=1:1), beef tallow, grapeseed oil and soybean oil. Blood was withdrawn by heart puncture from each SHR, and used to determine the serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, trigly ceride and phospholipid. No significant difference in body weight was observed in all diet groups. the total serum cholesterol was significantly lower in SHR fed grapeseed oil than that of other groups. The cholesterol lowering effect of grapeseed oil seemed to results from its high contents of phytosterol and linoleic acid. Also, serum HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid contents were low in all the groups. photochemical microscopic observations of the liver tissue revealed the congestion of sinosoid which is regarded as the characteristics of SHR, but no significant difference was observed among the groups.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.2 s.66
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 2006

Backgrounds : Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lowering serum cholesterol levels could reduce the risk of CVD. Insamsansa-eum (Renshenshanzha-yin, ISE), composed of Ginseng Radix and Crataegii Fructus, is a new medicine developed to treat hyperlipidemia and CVD. Objectives : In this study, we intended to explore the clinical effects of ISE on patients with hypercholesterolemia, and moreover we also compared its effects according to the pattern identification. Methods : Subjects were administered ISE with the dose of 600 mg three times a day for 4 weeks. Patterns of subjects were identified with diagnostic scoring system for Yin-Yang and the condition of Excess-Deficiency before treatment. Serum lipids were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of medication. Results : ISE lowered total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), total lipid(TL), phospholipid(PL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL) significantly. Compared with the data of our previous study, it was less effective than Atorvastatin but showed equal lipids-lowering effect to Chunghyul-dan (Qingxue-dan, CHD). In Yang pattern group, ISE was less effective in lowering TG and LDL than it was in not-Yang-not-Yinpattern group. On safety assessment, there was no adverse effect, hepatic or renal toxicity. Conclusions : We suggest that ISE is a safe and useful herbal medicine for hypercholesterolemia, and moreover it could be more useful when it is used for patients with not Yang pattern.