• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 1995

Serum electrolyte concentration and body weight were determined before and after exercise for 2h in Korean cyclists. The serum concentration of electrolytes (Na, Ca, Zn, K, P and Cl) was increased but that of Mg was decreased as a result of exercise. The increase of serum K and P concentration was statistically significant after exercise. As the exercise time increased, the loss of body weight also increased due to dehydration and sweat. The loss of body weight ranged 1.0 to 2.3 Kg as a function of exercise time but cyclists showed the exhaustion and muscle fatigue 2h after exercise. As the ambient temperature increased, the loss of body weight was slightly increased. However, frequent drinking water was required because of dehydration and thirst. Although frequent drinking water may reduce weight loss and thirst during exercise, sports drinking beverages simultaneously containing electrolytes and nutrients are more useful to replenish loss of water and electrolytes in an exhausted condition, resulting in the improvement of physical performance.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2011

Magnesium (Mg) plays an essential role in physiological and metabolic reactions. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the role of Mg deficiency, particularly the relationship between serum Mg value and inflammatory response. This study was designed to determine the relationship between serum Mg deficiency with inflammatory response, electrolytes and hematological alteration over long-term periods. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control (n=8), and Mg deficiency group (MgD group, n=8). Chow and normal water (tap water) were regularly provided to the control group and Mg-depleted chow and third distilled water were regularly provided for 60 days to the MgD group. Body weights, Serum Mg, $K^+$, inorganic phosphorus (IP) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels in the MgD group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Granulocyte fraction and MCV, RDW and PDW levels were higher, whereas lymphocyte fraction, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and MCHC levels were lower in the MgD group than in the control group (P<0.05). MCP-1 and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels in the MgD group were greater than those of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that Mg deficiency over a long-term period had not altered total leukocyte concentration in the blood, but had detrimental effects, including disturbances of electrolytes balance, disturbance of iron indices, potential anemia and elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. However, further studies should be performed to determine the relationship between serum Mg deficiency and major organ damage or alteration.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.155-166
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• 2000

In order to elucidate the interrelationship between electrolytes and exercise the investigation was undertaken to determine the electrolyte levels in young males took on varied environmental temperatures ($13^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$ or $34^{\circ}C$). 10 healthy young males were used for the experiments. Our results showed the following significant changes; 1. The raising of the environmental temperature, the weight reduction were increased due to marked sweating. 2. In the electrolytes of serum, decreased the $K^+$ concentration at $13^{\circ}C$, but increased the $Na^+$ or $Cl^-$ concentration at $24^{\circ}C$, and increased the $Na^+$ or $Cl^-$, or $Mg^{+}^{+}$ concentrations at $34^{\circ}C$. 3. The raising of environmental temperature appear to be increased PRA,Ang I, Ang II and ALD levels, whereas no changed ADH level. 4. Serum levels of PRA, Ang I, Ang II and ALD were incresed after exercise, and their increments were incresed paralel ttie incresed environmental temperature. However, there no significant change in ADH, level. In conclusion, exercise induced not only changes of serum electrolytes levels such as $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Mg^{+}^{+}$, but also serum hormonal changes such as PRA, Ang I, Ang II, ALD. However, ADH level was not changed significantly, These changes were more prominent in exercise at hot temperature than in lower temperature.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.239-247
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• 1999

We estimated the changes of ECG and electrolytes in serum after intravenous administration of Succinylcholine Chloride (SCC), 0.15 mg/kg in ten normal mongrel dogs (mean 13 kg). Hyperkalemia was observed in the highest level by 6.46$\pm$0.8 mEq/L at ten minutes after the administration of SCC. The ECG appeared temporary the most severe changes as the increased T wave, the disappeared P wave, the prolonged of conduction times (PR, QTc intervals and QRS complex), and arrhythmia as ventricular premature contraction at 3 and 5 minutes after the administration SCC. Therefore, the changes of ECG after administration of SCC were suggested to specific and independent from hyperkalemic changes. Because these changes were observed to differ from ECG by hyperkalemia, and the highest period of $K^＋$value in serum differ from the appearance period of severe changes of ECG and arrhythmia by SCC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.880-888
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• 2010

The ameliorative effect of salts and ascorbic acid polyphosphate supplementation on heat stress was studied in buffaloes. Adult buffaloes of either sex were randomly divided into 2 groups of 4 animals each. Group I served as control and Group II was supplemented with sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and ascorbic acid polyphosphate. All the animals were exposed to two conditions of temperature and humidity: hot-dry and hot-humid in a psychrometric chamber for 4 h daily for 10 days. Blood was collected on day 1, 5 and 10 of treatment. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), concentrations of serum glutathione (GSH), cortisol, sodium, potassium, and chloride and lipid peroxidation were estimated in serum. Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed in blood. The activities of catalase and SOD, serum concentration of GSH, sodium, potassium and chloride decreased while lipid peroxidation and serum cortisol increased in both groups when subjected to heat stress. Dietary supplementation resulted in further decreasing of the enzyme activities but increasing of the serum concentrations of GSH, sodium, potassium and chloride. Lipid peroxidation and serum cortisol increased in the supplemented group in both types of stress. Dietary supplementation caused an increase in lymphoproliferative response to con A. Thus, supplementation of ascorbate in addition to electrolytes relieves the animals of oxidative stress and boosts cell mediated immunity.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2008

Objectives : Cheonggukjang(natto) is known to have anti-hyperlipidemic action in our previous study. This study was designed to investigate the safety of Prototype-cheonggukjang (PC, Herbal-natto). Methods : We investigated the effects of PC on changes in body weights, food uptake, water uptake, levels of AST/ALT, levels of BUN/creatinine and electrolytes in serum from normal mice. PC is made by cheonggukjang added Codonopsis Lanceolata, Houttuynia cordata and Lentinus edodes in indicated concetrations. Results : In this experiment, PC group showed equal levels of body weights, urine volume compared to non-treated control group. Oral administration of PC did not affect food and water uptake too. Levels of AST/ALT, which are markers of liver function, were not changed by administration of PC. In addition, levels of BUN/creatinine, which are markers of renal function, were not affected by PC too. Finally electrolytes in serum were not affected by PC. Conclusions : These results imply that oral administration of PC is safe in the framework of liver and renal function, and electrolytes in serum.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.269.1-269.1
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• 2003

Polygonum cuspidatum has been used as treatments of dermatitis, inflammation, hyperlipidemia and diuretics in folk remedies. In order to evaluate the urinary effect of Polygoni cuspidati Radix, its MeOH extract was administerd in rats. We determined the total urin volume, chemical parameters(urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid), electrolytes(natrium, potassium, chloride) ) in serum and urin. Polygoni cuspidati Radix showed increase in urin volume and electrolytes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.1089-1094
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• 2003

목 적 : 전해질이 함유된 PEG 용액은 삼투성 제재로 소아의 대장내시경 및 수술 전 저치를 위한 장세척에 주로 사용되어 왔으나 다른 삼투성 제재에 비하여 만성 기능성 변비 치료의 분변박힘 제거에 대한 연구는 극히 미흡하다. 이에 저자들은 만성 기능성 변비로 입원한 환아들을 대상으로 분변 박힘 제거에 있어서 전해질이 함유된 PEG 용액의 효과 및 안전성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2000년 5월부터 2003년 7월까지 을지병원 소아과에 입원한 만성 기능성 변비 환아 26명(11명은 외래에서 일반적 방법으로 분변박힘 제거에 실패하였다)을 대상으로 전해질이 함유된 PEG 용액을 경구 요법(9명, 34.6%), 관장 요법(10명, 38.4%), 또는 병행 요법(7명, 14.3%)을 시행하여 분변 박힘 제거의 효과와 배변횟수의 변화, 부작용의 발생을 확인하였다. PEG 용액은 경구 요법의 경우 1회 60-80 mL/kg(PEG로 3.9-5.3 g/kg)를 3시간 이내에 음용하였으며, 하루에 1-2회 시행하였다. 관장 요법의 경우 1회 15-25 mL/kg(PEG로 0.975-1.625 g/kg)로 하루에 1-3회 관장을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 모든 환아에서 PEG 용액 요법 시행 전에 단순 복부 방사선 사진에서 분변 박힘이 확인되었으며 시행 후에는 분변 박힘이 호전되었다. 배변횟수는 관장 요법을 시행한 환아 중에서 1명을 제외한 모든 환아에서 유의한 증가를 보였다. 부작용은 하루 6회 이상의 수양성 변이 3명(11.5%)에서 발생하였고, 두통이 1명(3.8%)에서 발생하였으나 별다른 치료없이 호전되었다. 이외의 부작용의 증상은 발생하지 않았다. 치료 후 혈청 전해질 농도 검사는 16명의 환아에서 시행되었으며 두통을 호소했던 환아에서 경미한 고나트륨혈증(146 mmol/L)이 있었으며 이외의 환아에서는 정상 범위 내로 나타났다. 치료 후 혈청 삼투질 농도 검사는 11명의 환아에서 시행됐으며 모두 정상 범위 내로 나타났다. 순응도는 경구 복용군의 환아들이 짠맛에 대한 부담감을 호소하였으나 복용에는 지장이 없었다. 결 론 : 일반적인 요법으로 분변 박힘 제거에 실패한 환아를 비롯한 만성 기능성 변비 환아에서 전해질이 포함된 PEG 용액은 분변 박힘 제거에 효과가 있었으며 심각한 부작용은 없었으며 순응도도 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 연구 대상의 수가적고, 모든 환아에서 치료 후의 혈청 전해질 농도 및 삼투질 농도의 확인이 이루어지지 않은 문제점이 있기 때문에 향후 보다 많은 소아를 대상으로 연구가 시행되어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.404-415
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• 1978

The present study was carried out to develop the better measures for safety of open heart surgery under extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with Heart-Lung-Machine by preventing changes in the concentrations of serum electrolytes during and after ECC. For this purpose, the cocentrations of serum electrolytes were measured before, during, and after ECC in 21 patients with congenital and acquired heart diseases who received open heart surger, - under ECC using Heart-Lung-Machine. Also considered was the development of safety measured by which changes in serum electrolyte concentrations were prevented during and after open heart surgery under ECC. The mean values for serum sodium levels were observed to be ; $13.14{\pm}0.47$mEq./L. for the samples obtained before ECC. $139.59{\pm}0.68$mEq./L. for the samples obtained 10 minutes after ECC and $138.0{\pm}0.68$mEq./L. for the samples obt"ined 24 hours after ECC. These results indicate that serum sodium concentrations were \\'ithin normal range during and until 24 hours after ECC. 2) The concentrations of serum chloride were found to be $105.38{\pm}0.70$105.38$\pm$0. 70 mEq./L. for the samples collected before ECC, $105.07{\pm}1.01$mEq./L. for the Simples collected 24 minutes aiter ECC and $101.95{\pm}1.09$mEq./L. for the samples collectect 24 hours afte ECC. As was tile case with serum sodium levels, no significant changes were observed in serum chloride levels during and 24 hours after ECC. 3)With proper provisions of potassium chloride solution during ECC, the concentrations of serum potassium were found to be $4.22{\pm}0.06$mEq./L. for the samples removed before EeC, $4.06{\pm}0.14$mEq./L. for the samples removed 10 minutes after ECC and $4.39{\pm}0.07$ mEq./L. for the samples removed 24 hours after ECC. 4)The concentrations of serum calcium were also maintained within normal during and after ECC; $9.15{\pm}0.14$mg/dl for the serum collected before ECC, $8.36{\pm}0.21$mg/dI for the serum collected 10 minutes after ECC and $8.47{\pm}0.14$mg/dl 21 hours after ECC. The maintenance of serum calcium level within normal throughout ECC was achieved by parenteral administrations of calcium gluconate as frequent as required. 5) As were the cases with serum potassium and calcium, the concentrations of plasma bicarbonate was regulated within normal range during and after ECC, only when sodium bicarbonate solution was admini"tered parenterally as it was required; $23.7{\pm}0.50$mEq./L. for the serum collected before ECC. $22.33{\pm}1.09$mEq.lL. for the serum collected 10 minutes after ECC and $25.3{\pm}0.96$mEq./L. for the serum collected 24 hours after ECC. The above results indicate tha t during and after ECC serum sodium and chloride levels remined unchanged without any provision of normal saline, while serum potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate concentrations were kept within normal limits only when these ealectrolytes were administered through parenteral routes. With these results it can be concluded that serum potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate levels should be determined as often as possible during and after ECC and that in order to maintain serum electrolyte levels within normal these electrolytes in the forms of potassium chloride, calcium gluconate, and sodium bicarbonate shou'd be given parenterally as they were found to be required.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.385.2-385.2
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• 2002

Cornus officinalis has been used as protective drug for liver and kidney function. In order to evaluate the effect on renal function of Corni Fructus. We measured urine volume, chemical parameters(urea nitrogen. creatinine, uric acid). electrolytes($Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Cl^{-}$) in serum and urine. Furosemide showed significant urine volume. serum and urine parameters, but Corni Fructus showed normal level parameters by dose increasing in rats.