• Title/Summary/Keyword: serotonin (5-HT)

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The Change of Plasma Neurotransmitters Concentration after Aromatherapy in Dementia Patients (라벤더향 흡입 후 치매환자의 혈장 중 신경전달물질의 농도변화)

  • Lee, Kyung-Bok;Kang, Young-Sook
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.86-91
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    • 2012
  • The objective of this study is to examine how different concentration of neurotransmitters in plasma between patients with dementia and normal people regarding the inhalation of lavender oil. This study subjects were 9 elderly patients with dementia who live in nursing home and 9 normal women. Before and after inhalation, they were collected blood sample. Norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and r-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration analysis were performed. Before inhalation, dementia patients were significantly different with the normal group in GABA and DA, NE. Following inhalation in experimental group, dementia patients and normal group were only significantly increased in 5-HT. But it did not significantly change in the other neurotransmitters. After inhalation, dementia patients were significantly different with the normal group in GABA and 5-HT. This result suggests that the increase of 5-HT release by the inhalation of lavender oil related to reduce the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.

Effect of Cholecystokinin on Serotonin Release from Cultured Neurons of Fetal Rat Medulla Oblongata (연수 신경세포 배양에서 세로토닌 분비에 대한 Cholecystokinin의 작용)

  • Song Dong-Keun;Cho Hyun-Mi;Lee Tae-Hee;Suh Hong-Won;Kim Yung-Hi
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.31 no.1 s.57
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    • pp.11-15
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    • 1995
  • Serotonergic neurons in medulla oblongata play an important role in the endogenous descending pain inhibitory system. To illucidate the factors involved in the regulation of medullary serotonergic neurons, we studied the effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and agents acting on various second messenger systems on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from cultured neurons of rat fetal (gestational age 14th day) medulla oblongata. Cultured cells maintained for 10 days in vitro were stimulated for 48 hours with CCK or other neuropeptides at 10 micromolar concentration. CCK ($10{\mu}M$) and substance P ($10{\mu}M$) significantly increased. 5-HT release. However, somatostatin, proctolin, thyrotropin releasing hormone, and interleukin-6 did not have any effects on 5-HT release. Nimodipine ($1{\mu}M$), a calcium channel blocker, almost completely, and calmidazolium ($1{\mu}M$), a calmodulin antagonist, significantly inhibited the CCK-induced 5-HT release. The total 5-HT content (intracellular 5-HT plus released 5-HT) was significantly increased by CCK. However, the intracellular 5-HT content was not significantly changed by CCK. Forskolin ($5{\mu}M$), an adenylate cyclase activiator, but not $2{\mu}M$ phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, significantly enhanced 5-HT release. The total 5-HT content (intracellular 5-HT plus released 5-HT) was significantly increased by forskolin. However, the intracellular 5-HT content was not significantly changed by forskolin. PMA had no effect on intracellular 5-HT levels. These results suggest that CCK regulates serotonergic neurons in the medulla oblongata by enhancing 5-HT secretion through calcium influx and caimodulin, and that cyclic AMP system but not protein kinase C system is involved in 5-HT release.

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Effect of Acupuncture on Depression and Cell Proliferation in Hippocampal Gyrus Dentatus of Maternal-separated Rat Pups (침술 치료가 모성분리 새끼 쥐의 우울증과 해마의 치상회 세포증식에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Jung-Sik;Lim, Hyung-Ho
    • Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.91-99
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    • 2019
  • Objectives The loss of maternal care during early postnatal period may increase development of mood-related disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. In this study, the effect of acupuncture on depression in relation with cell proliferation in the hippocampal gyrus dentatus was investigated using maternal-separated rat pups. Methods On the postnatal 14th day, rat pups from six dams were grouped into following groups: maternal care group, maternal separation group, maternal separation and non-acupoint-acupunctured group, maternal separation and Zusanli-acupunctured group, and maternal separation and fluoxetine-treated group. Acupuncture was performed from postnatal 28th day to postnatal 37th day. The rat pups that belong in the maternal separation and fluoxetine-treated group were injected subcutaneously with 5 mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride once a day for the same period of time. To evaluate activity of the rat pups, open field test was performed. Immunohistochemistry for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe and for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in the hippocampal gyrus dentatus was conducted. Results The present results reveal that the activity was decreased by maternal separation. In contrast, acupuncture at Zusanli overcame maternal separation-induced hypoactivity. Maternal separation suppressed TPH expression and 5-HT synthesis in the dorsal raphe and decreased cell proliferation in the hippocampal gyrus dentatus of rat pups. In contrast, acupuncture at Zusanli alleviated maternal separation-induced decrease of 5-HT synthesisand TPH expression. Conclusions The present results demonstrate that acupuncture at Zusanli ameliorated depressive state through increasing cell proliferation and enhancing 5-HT synthesis.

Antidepressant-Like Effects of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Betaine in the Forced Swimming Test in Rats

  • Kim, Soo Jeong;Lee, Mi-Sook;Kim, Ji Hyun;Lee, Tae Hee;Shim, Insop
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.79-83
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Lycii Radicis Cortex (LRC) and betaine (BT) on immobility and neurochemical change in the forced swimming test (FST) in the rat. LRC, BT or fluoxentine was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats three times (1, 5 and 23.5 h) before the FST. To investigate antidepressant-like effect, serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of rats. LRC (100 mg/kg) and BT (30, 100 mg/kg) significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST. LRC (100 mg/kg) significantly increased both 5-HT and NE levels in the hypothalamus of rats exposed to FST. BT (100 mg/kg) significantly increased 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats. Taken together, these results demonstrated that improvement in the behavioral changes after LRC and BT administration may be mediated by elevation of 5-HT level in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, indicating a possible antidepressant-like activity. The present results suggest that the efficacy of LRC and BT in an animal model of depression may provide anti-depressant effects in human, which remains to be determined.

5-Hydroxytryptamine 6 Receptor (5-HT6R)-Mediated Morphological Changes via RhoA-Dependent Pathways

  • Rahman, Md. Ataur;Kim, Hanna;Lee, Kang Ho;Yun, Hyung-Mun;Hong, Jung-Hwa;Kim, Youngjae;Choo, Hyunah;Park, Mikyoung;Rhim, Hyewhon
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • v.40 no.7
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    • pp.495-502
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    • 2017
  • The $5-HT_6R$ has been considered as an attractive therapeutic target in the brain due to its exclusive expression in the brain. However, the mechanistic linkage between $5-HT_6Rs$ and brain functions remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of $5-HT_6R$-mediated cell morphological changes using immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and live-cell imaging assays. Our results showed that the activation of $5-HT_6Rs$ caused morphological changes and increased cell surface area in HEK293 cells expressing $5-HT_6Rs$. Treatment with 5-HT specifically increased RhoA-GTP activity without affecting other Rho family proteins, such as Rac1 and Cdc42. Furthermore, live-cell imaging in hippocampal neurons revealed that activation of $5-HT_6Rs$ using a selective agonist, ST1936, increased the density and size of dendritic protrusions along with the activation of RhoA-GTP activity and that both effects were blocked by pretreatment with a selective $5-HT_6R$ antagonist, SB258585. Taken together, our results show that $5-HT_6R$ plays an important role in the regulation of cell morphology via a RhoA-dependent pathway in mammalian cell lines and primary neurons.

5-HT Transporter and Mood Disorder (세로토닌 수송체와 기분장애)

  • Lee, Min Soo
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.220-225
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    • 2001
  • As numbers of serotonin's function are so many, studies of serotonin are numerous nowadays. In the beginning, concentration of metabolites such as 5-HIAA was a key issue, but recent studies have been challenged for serotonin receptor genes and their relation to mood disoder. Serotonin transporter(5-HTT) gene is a strong candidate gene of mood disoder for following reason. Serotonin transporter is a key protein in the serotonin pathway as it regulate the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic clept and essential pathophysiology of depression is dysregulation of 5-HTT so that all antidepressants have effect of 5-HTT antagonist. The decrease of 5-HTT in the platelet and in brain of the depressive patients is much consistent results in the studies of the pathophysiology of mood disorder till now. By this, we will be able to develop simple and easy marker for diagnosis, type, and treatment monitoring of depression. Many psychiatrists have sought the independent genes in relation to depression or schizophrenia. Obviously, the hereditary vulnerability contributes to etiology of mood disorders, but it is difficult to discriminate the independent genes because of many environmental factors. Moreover, in the hereditarily complex diseases such as mood disorder, the only vulnerability of gene can not sufficiently explain the etiology. In the future, to exclude the role of the gene-environmental interaction, the methods such as gene transfer can be considered. In the opposite direction, by using the gene destruction method, the role of target genes can be examined. As yet the concept of the gene expression, neural plasticity, neurogenesis and etc, is the elementary stage. The development of this field will help to establish the treatment strategy of chronic and refractory mood disorders.

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Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)-and Non NMDA-Receptor Agonists on Serotonin Release from Cultured Neurons of Fetal Rat Brainstem (뇌간 신경세포 배양에서 세로토닌 분비에 대한 N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid(NMDA) 및 Non-NMDA 수용체 효현제들의 작용)

  • Yoo, Soon-Mi;Kim, Yul-A;Song, Dong-Keun;Suh, Hong-Won;Kim, Yung-Hi
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.141-144
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    • 1995
  • Serotonergic neurons in brainstem play important roles in the endogenous descending pain inhibitory system. To illucidate the involvement of glutamate receptors in the regulation of brainstem serotonergic neurons, we studied the effects of glutamate receptor agonists on 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) release from cultured neurons of rat fetal (gestational age 14th day) brainstem. Cultured cells maintained for 10 days in vitro were stimulated for 30 minutes with agonists of glutamate receptor subtypes at 10-1,000 micromolar concentration. Glutamate (10-1,000 M) increased 5-HT release in a concentration-dependent manner. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid $(NMDA)(10-1,000\;{\mu}M)$ increased 5-HT release in a concentration-dependent manner. Non-NMDA receptor agonists, kainate and $AMPA(3-1,000\;{\mu}M)$ also concentration-dependently increased 5-HT release. These results suggest that both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors regulate 5-HT release from brainstem serotonergic neurons.

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The Effect of Circuit Class Training on the Synthesis of Central Serotonin in People with Post-stroke Depression (순환운동이 뇌졸중 후 우울증 환자의 뇌 세로토닌 합성에 미치는 영향)

  • Baek, Il-Hun;Kim, Byeong-Jo;Park, Kang-Hui
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.451-458
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    • 2012
  • PURPOSE: The purpose of present study was to determine effects of circuit class training (CCT) on the synthesis of central serotonin in people with post-stroke depression. METHODS: Forty patients with mild post-stroke depression were participated in current study. All subjects were assigned to two groups of CCT (circuit class training) group and SW (stretching and weight shifting) group. Both groups were performed for 80 minutes. The change of blood f-Trp, BCAAs, f-Trp/BCAAs and serotonin according to period training time were examined and the following results were obtained. RESULTS: In the CCT group, f-Trp, BCAAs, and f-Trp/BCAAs increased according to the time point. However, after 24 hour of circuit class training, all of these were significantly decreased by those before training. The change in blood levels of serotonin was the highest in immediately after the training in the CCT group while it was not changed significantly in the SW group. CONCLUSION: It can be seen that CCT can change the serotonin level and have an effect on the synthesis of central serotonin in people with post-stroke depression.

Amperozide Decreases Cocaine-Induced Increase in Behavior and Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Dorsal Striatum

  • Choe, Eun-Sang;Kim, Jong-Yeon
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.4 no.5
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    • pp.361-367
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    • 2000
  • Cocaine functions as indirect dopamine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) agonists and induces genomic and behavioral alterations in the striatum. Previously we demonstrated that ritanserin, a 5HT2/1C receptor antagonist, is not responsible for cocaine-induced behavioral alterations and zif268 mRNA gene expression in the striatum (see the previous paper in this issue). In this study, it was hypothesized that dopamine and 5HT2/1C receptors are required for cocaine-induced behavioral alterations and c-fos and zif268 mRNA expression. This hypothesis was addressed by infusing amperozide which antagonizes both 5HT2/1C and dopamine receptors and was analyzed using the quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry in vivo. Systemic injection of amperozide (5 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly blocked increase in behavior, c-fos and zif268 mRNA expression induced by 15 mg/kg cocaine, i.p., in the dorsal striatum. These data suggest that dopamine and 5HT2/1C receptors are necessary for cocaine-induced behavioral alterations and immediate early gene expression in the dorsal striatum.

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Ritanserin, a 5HT2/1C Receptor Antagonist, Does Not Block Cocaine-Induced Behavioral Alterations and zif268 mRNA Expression in the Striatum of the Rats

  • Choe, Eun-Sang;Kim, Jong-Yeon
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.4 no.5
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    • pp.355-359
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    • 2000
  • Cocaine induces immediate early gene expression and behavioral changes by blocking dopamine transporters in the terminals of nigrostriatal neurons in the striatum. The pharmacological role of serotonin 2/1C (5HT2/1C) receptors in cocaine-induced expression of zif268 (NGFI-A, egr1 and Krox-24) mRNA, a member of the zinc finger, was investigated using quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry in vivo. Behavioral alterations induced by cocaine were also monitored in relation with blockade of the receptors. Systemic injection of ritanserin (1 mg/kg, s.c.), a 5HT2/1C receptor antagonist, did not reverse behavioral alterations and zif268 mRNA gene expression induced by 15 mg/kg cocaine, i.p., in the dorsal and ventral striatum. These data indicate that ritanserin-sensitive 5HT2/1C receptors are not necessary for cocaine-induced behavioral alterations and zif268 mRNA gene expression in the striatum.

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