• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.129-153
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• 2017

항공분야에서 공정경쟁(Fair Competition)에 대한 논의는 항공자유화가 시작된 1970년대부터 ICAO 세계항공운송회의 및 항공운송 심포지움 등 다양한 운송 분야 회의에서 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. ICAO는 항공운송에서의 '경쟁'이란 '항공사 혹은 그룹들이 이익을 얻기 위한 제품과 서비스의 가격과 품질을 이용하여 투쟁하는 것'으로 정의하고 있다. 또한 보다 넓은 의미에서 합리적이고(Reasonable), 공정하고(Fair), 효과적이며(Effective), 제한적이지 않은(Unrestricted) 경쟁을 모두 포함하고 있다. 최근 몇 년 동안 항공운송에 대한 경쟁법과 규정의 적용은 빈도뿐만 아니라 다양한 이슈로 나타나고 있다. 가령 반독점 면제, 인수와 항공동맹체, 우월 지위의 남용, 덤핑 그리고 약탈적 가격 결정 판매 마케팅, 공항에 대한 과세 및 요금, 정부 지원 및 대출 보증 등이다. 항공사간 혹은 국가간 항공산업의 '경쟁'은 이제 '협력'의 차원으로 높아지고 있다. 항공운송사업자는 국경을 초월하여 단순 이익공유부터 합작회사까지 '경쟁'에서 살아남기 위한 '협력'의 수준을 높이고 있다. 앞으로 우리나라 항공산업 정책을 '국가차원의 산업생태계' 관점으로 전환하고, 이에 대비하는 '공정경쟁' 정책을 마련하여야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서는 첫째, 향후 중국, 일본 등 주변국과 크게는 중동 지역 등과 항공자유화를 추진하는 과정에서 공정법의 적용과 이를 이행할 수 있는 법령 및 제도의 마련이 필요할 것이다. 둘째, 항공운송사업의 실질적 소유와 실효적 지배의 기준을 새롭게 검토해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 대외적으로는 항공협정과 자유화에 대비하면서, 내부적인 항공산업 차원에서 우리나라도 항공사 및 공항운영에 대한 엄밀한 항공시장 구조분석을 통해 경쟁과 협력 문제를 연구 검토할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 인수 합병에 대비한 운수권 배분과 항공사 인수합병 승인기준 및 인수 합병에 따른 파급효과 분석 등 선제적인 정책 수립을 통해 지속적인 항공운송의 발전과 경쟁력 향상을 위한 공정한 항공운송환경 조성이 반드시 필요하다.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2003

The recent project has been progressed from focusing on the establishment of having an international sense and making a symbolic building in Cheju Island. Its purpose is to provide the best medical services to the inhabitants, and to reflect the local feelings and the entire design concept based upon the role of the health promotion. This study is to explain the process of a traditional architecture method of Cheju Island applied to the modern design element and re-composition into the layout plan, the composition diagram of the exterior, the elevations, etc. of the drawings of the project.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.75-91
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• 2015

There is an increased interest in having beauty regardless of ages and sex with improvement of the national income level and increase in social activities. Competition within the beauty service industry is increasing rapidly because of global impact within Korea wave. Thus, active public relations and offering distinguished service in the beauty service industry are important. Also, uniforms play an important role in providing an image differentiated from other brands and presents professionalism to the customer. Therefore, we determined function and design of uniforms required in beauty service industry by researching wearing realities, satisfaction, preferred designs and functions of uniforms from hair shop staff. Functional and aesthetic uniforms play an important role to enhance the staffs' sense of belonging. In addition, it is good for the image of hair shop. Special design mirroring job characteristics with expression of differentiated personalities is needed. However, the research was conducted only in the hair shop in Seoul, Daejeon, and Gyeonggi-do. Further studies on much wider areas will be needed.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.129-155
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• 2008

급성상기도감염증에 대한 항생제 처방률은 의료기관의 유형, 표시과목, 의료기관이 위치한 지역 등 여러 요인에 따라 차이를 보인다. 본 연구는 1차 의료기관인 의원들 중 내과, 소아과, 이비인후과 의원의 급성상기도감염증에 대한 항생제 처방률에 환자의 특성과 같은 의학적 요인이 아닌 의원의 수입과 밀접한 관계가 있는 의원 수의 변화(경쟁 정도의 변화)와 같은 경제적 요인이 미치는 영향을 실증 분석하였다. 2006년 건강보험심사평가원에서 발표한 전국 각 의료기관의 급성상기도감염증에 대한 항생제 처방률을 주 자료원으로 하여, 경쟁지수를 두 가지 형태로 정의하고 수요 측면을 나타내는 변수와 공급 측면을 나타내는 변수를 통제변수로 선정하여 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 경쟁지수를 어떤 형태로 정의하든, 의원이 위치한 지역의 경쟁정도는 의사들의 항생제 처방률에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미친 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 시장지역 내 경쟁 정도의 변화와 같은 경제적 요인이 의사들의 처방행태에 영향을 미치는 요인 중 하나라고 해석할 수 있다. 아울러 인과관계의 방향과 관련하여, 의사가 진료하는 지역의 경쟁 정도가 높아질수록 항생제 처방률이 통계적으로 유의하게 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 의사의 진료수입 감소를 초래할 것으로 예상되는 시장환경의 변화에 대해 자신의 진료수입을 예전상태로 보전하기 위해 불필요한 의료서비스 소비를 유도해서 얻는 편익(소득효과)이 이를 위해 자신이 지불해야 할 비용(대체효과)보다 크기 때문에 항생제 처방률을 증가시킨 것으로 해석할 수 있으며, 또한 경제적 유인체계의 변화에 대하여 의사의 진료행태가 영향을 받을 수 있음을 실증적으로 뒷받침하는 것으로 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 1995

Agricultural extension services in Korea has experienced various system changes and accomplishments. The biggest achievement of extension was rice self-suffiency in the 1970s and abundant vegetable and animal production in the 1980s. The emerging challenges of international competition and localization are contributing to significant changes such as the decentralization of activities and shared responsibilities between the central government and local governments. Change, while it threatens the status quo, is a challenge and an opportunity to review and revamp ensconced and often rigid structures. In this sense, it is time to start a new era in agricultural extension. The development of agricultural extension requires keen appraisals and cogent analysis based on the realities of each specific regional situation. In order to develop agricultural extension services, the various aspects, the synthetic identification of its environments, the clarification of the client, the program development, and the effective mechanisms between research and extension must be considered. Especially, agricultural extension systems should be flexible and adjust to changing environments and the farmers' needs.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2011

Cooperative Group Games (CGG) emphasize participation, challenges and fun by cooperation among group members rather than competition. CGGs have been proven to be an efficient education method that teaches the value of cultivating cooperation skills, discipline, and sense of public order for tackling problems together through various types of interactions. When integrated with computer game technology, the general classic CGG can be reborn with new educational and entertaining aspects. To combine the joy of physical movement of group games and the richness of computer game contents, a motion based arcade CGG has been developed in this study, based on the original ideas and structures of classic off-line CGGs. While implementing the classic game concepts in arcade environment, various design attributes have been considered and applied, which were supposed to promote cooperative game play. Overall, the process of the implementation and test results of our four CGGs suggest several design strategies for effective arcade CGGs.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-22
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• 1998

With the advent of new order of international competition, the technology Policy of Korea has been changed from vertical one which focuses on specific technologies or selective industries to a horizontal one which supports R&D activities on a neutral basis. TIP(Technology Infrastructure Policy) is WTO free in the sense that it is Indirect method of supporting technology development and properly defined as a part of government role by OECD. Technology infrastructure is embodied in human capital, and includes also elements of physical capital and knowledge. Hence it is more differentiated than, and distinguished from conventional infrastructure. It implies a need for carefully designed strategy with the recognition of those differences. As a fundamental element of innovation and technological development, technology infrastructure should become the main focus of industrial technology Policy.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.77-82
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• 2001

As electric power systems have been moving from vertically integrated utilities to a deregulated environment, the charging of reactive power management is a new challenging theme for market operators. This paper proposes a new methodology to compute the costs of providing reactive power management service in a competitive electrical power market. The proposed formulation, which is basically different from those shown in the literature, consists of two parts. One is to recover investment capital costs of reactive power supporting equipment based on a reactive power flow tracing algorithm. The other is to recover operational costs based on variable spot prices using the optimal power flow algorithm. The charging shapes resulted from the proposed approach exhibit a quite good meaning viewed from a practical sense. It turns out that reactive power charges are mostly due to recovery of capital costs and slightly due to recovery of operational costs. The method can be useful in providing additional insight into power system operation and can be used to determine tariffs of a reactive power management service.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• 제11A권4호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2001

As electric power systems have been moving from vertically integrated utilities to a deregulated environment, the charging of reactive power management is a new challenging them for market operators. This paper proposes a new methodology to compute the costs of providing reactive power management service in a competitive electrical power market. The proposed formulation, which is basically different from those shown in the literature, consists of two parts. One is to recover investment capital costs of reactive power supporting equipment based on a reactive power flow tracing algorithm. The other is to recover operational costs based on variable spot prices using the optimal power flow algorithm. The charging shapes resulted from the proposed approach exhibit a quite good meaning viewed from a practical sense. It turns out that reactive power charged are mostly due to recovery of capital costs and slightly due to recovery of operational costs. The methods can be useful in providing additional insight into power system operation and can be used to determined tariffs of a reactive power management service.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

The basic idea of cooperative learning focuses on team reward, equal opportunities for success, cooperation within team and competition among teams, and emphasizes share of sense of achievement through joint efforts so as to realize specific learning objectives. The main strategies of engineering mathematics teaching based on cooperative learning are to establish favorable team and design reasonable team activity plan. During the period of team establishment, attention shall be given to team structure including such elements as team status, role, norm and authority. Team activity plan includes team activity series and team activity task. Team activity task shall be designed to be a chain of questions following a certain principle.