• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.170-187
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• 1993

The natural growth rate of the Korean population has decreased from 3.0% in 1960 to 1.0% in 1990. This was done with family planning program which was introduced by the government in 1961. The family planning program focused on birth control rather than the characteristics of the individuals and motivations of contraception. People were simply forced to use the method. Whereas, Natural Contraceptive is a method of family planning based solely on the timing of intercourse with the naturally occurring' physiological manifestation of fertilization and in fertilization during the menstrual cycle. This is the combination of self fertility awareness with periodic abstinence. Natural family .planning(NFP) programs in Korea were first started in the Chun-Chen diocese of catholic church by Bishop Thomas Stewart in 1970 In 1975, the Bishops conference launched the Korea Happy Family Movement in the Catholic Hospital Association, to promote the natural family planning. An average of 70,000 people, including adolescents, college students, unmarried and married persons, arid the clergies were trained during a six-year period (1986-1991). 61.5%(24,542 people) of those who completed 3 cycles during 6 year period (1986-1991) became autonomous users and the range was from 48.1% to 78.2%. In 1986, 22.7% of NFP individuals who drooped out of the program because of the desire for conception (23.4%), the difficulty of the method used(25.8%), and the loss of interest(22.8%). During the six-year period the unplanned pregnancy rate at the NFP was 2.9%. The range of the pregnancy rate was at 1.2-9.8%. The rate was decreased as years passed. The major reason for the failure of contraceptive was error by the individuals(61.1%). The percentage of the success of conception was 18.1% of 2.979 for achieving pregnancy. The highest percentage was 58.2% (99 users) in Kwang-Joo diocese and next was 37.1% (10 users) in Chong Joo diocese.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.487-497
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• 2005

Purpose: Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) , a non-invasive technique for the clinical measurement of implant stability, was investigated. Peri-implant bony defect may contribute to implant failure. This in vitro study evaluated the resonance frequencies according to various bony defects and determined whether the directional bone defect can affect the value of frequency analysis. Material and Method: Fifteen 3.75 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, machined self-tapping implant future were used. Twelve types of bone defects that have different horizontal and vertical dimensions were simulated. Embedded implants were attached to the dental surveyor. Then, the transducer was connected with the implant fixture and the ISQ value was measured at four different directions. Two-way analysis of variance and post hoc $Sch\`{e}ffe'$ test were performed at the 95% significance level. Results: The control group showed the highest ISQ value and 5 thread-$360^{\circ}$ group had the lowest one. As the vertical exposure of implants in each angle was increased, the ISQ value was decreased. Although the horizontal exposure in each thread was increased, the ISQ value was not significantly decreased. Conclusion : Although the simulated defect type was different from each other, the ISQ value was similar among groups.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.126-133
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• 2017

This paper presents the shear capacities of hollow slab with plate and octagonal pillar type hollow sphere. Recently, the interest in precast hollow slab system for buildings is growing up according to the demand for high quality control and the increase in slab thickness. A hollow slab system is widely known as one of the effective slab system which can reduce self-weight of slab. However, hollow slabs are vulnerable to the deterioration in the shear strength due to the decrease of concrete at slab web which resists shear. Especially, in case of precast hollow slabs, it has joint surface between precast concrete slab modules along transverse axis of slab, and shear failure, that is caused by cracks at joints, has to be prevented. Therefore, in this study, shear capacity of the I-slab system is evaluated by 3-points-supported shear test along the longitudinal and transverse axis of slab specimen. Test results showed that I-slab had enough shear strength compared to theoretical shear strength even if it included the joint surfaces.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.207-218
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• 2010

The revised curriculum in 2007 adds an open inquiry approach to increase students' creativity and interest in science. Because it is the first time for elementary students to perform the open inquiry due to the national curriculum, it is essential that teachers give students' successful experiences in order to build a positive impression about inquiry activity. The purpose of this research is to develop and apply the open inquiry program. The research findings are as follows: First, we analyzed the students' traits of open inquiry ability during the program. The third and fourth grade students showed weakness in operating and inquiring abilities. They also feared failure and were unable to concentrate in classes which were based on explanation or discussion. When students had unexpected results, however, their inquiring abilities and creativeness increased considerably. Additionally there were some students who were stressed during the science-inquiry activity, due to no interest in science and an inability to think scientifically. Second, we developed an open inquiry program for elementary students. The program was modified, reflected upon the students' traits during open inquiry in class. Through repeated feedback like this, we completed the program. Third, for those who studied in the lessons there was a meaningful change in students' science inquiry abilities and abilities to perform 'formulating a hypothesis' and 'the control of variables'. These students' level of self-inquiry performance improved steadily. Moreover, they obtained a strong attachment to their inquiry and understood the method of quantitative experiments.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.19.1-19.8
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic cleaning of the intracanal post space on the bond strength of fiber posts in oval canals filled with a premixed bioceramic (Bio-C Sealer [BIOC]) root canal sealer. Materials and Methods: Fifty premolars were endodontically prepared and divided into 5 groups (n = 10), based on the type of root canal filling material used and the post space cleaning protocol. A1: gutta-percha + AH Plus (AHP) and post space preparation with ultrasonic cleaning, A2: gutta-percha + BIOC and post space preparation with ultrasonic cleaning, B1: gutta-percha + AHP and post space preparation, B2: gutta-percha + BIOC and post space preparation, C: control group. Fiber posts were cemented with a self-adhesive luting material, and 1 mm thick slices were sectioned from the middle and cervical third to evaluate the remaining filling material microscopically. The samples were subjected to a push-out test to analyze the bond strength of the fiber post, and the results were analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk, Bonferroni, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). Failure modes were evaluated using optical microscopy. Results: The results showed that the fiber posts cemented in canals sealed with BIOC had lower bond strength than those sealed with AHP. The ultrasonic cleaning of the post space improved the bond strength of fiber posts in canals sealed with AHP, but not with BIOC. Conclusions: BIOC decreased the bond strength of fiber posts in oval canals, regardless of ultrasonic cleaning.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.531-538
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• 2019

As the performance of PEMFC has been improved, the water and heat generated by reaction have increased so, the water and heat management of PEMFC is becoming more important. In this study, hydrogen recirculation was applied as the water management technique and the effect of recirculation flow rate, purge interval and duration on the performance of PEMFC was investigated. Anode pressure, fuel humidity and utilization, water discharge amount was measured to check the effect of purge conditions on performance. As the recirculation flow rate has increased, the performance of PEMFC became lower due to decrease of anode outlet pressure. According to the purge conditions, instantaneous voltage drop has occurred because of accumulated water. In frequent purge conditions, the performance of PEMFC gradually decreased due to fuel humidity control failure. Stable performance and high fuel utilization was achieved on this work by analyzing the effect of purge conditions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2022

Background: In physical activity or labor, the human body is in a state of high intensity stress, and all parts or physiological functions of the body respond positively to maintain or balance the need for movement. The human body has many physiological changes in the process of movement, and fatigue is the external manifestation of various complex changes inside the human body. Fatigue is also a physiological mechanism of self-protection after the body reaches a certain level of activity, which can prevent the occurrence of life-threatening excessive functional failure. The generation of fatigue is a very complex process, and its mechanism has not been concluded yet. Therefore, it is an important work to search and screen the effective components of natural plants that have anti-fatigue effect and to explore their mechanism. Methods: This was a 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 110 subjects who passed physical examination were included according to the scheme design, and randomly divided into a test group which was given KRG and a placebo control group. The calculation is carried out according to the standard of sub-high-intensity exercise test. Results: There was no adverse effect on safety index of subjects after taking red ginseng capsule. After KRG treatment, subjective strength grade is significant lower than placebo treatment. Blood lactic acid content is significantly get lower after trial in KRG group, and significant lower than placebo group. Creatine phosphokinase(CK) content is significantly get lower after trial in KRG group, and significant lower than placebo group. Conclusion: According to the criterion in the test scheme, the result shows that KRG is helpful on relieving physical fatigue.

• Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of early maladaptive schemas and their associations with clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Forty-eight patients with schizophrenia, 49 patients with major depressive disorder, and 50 healthy controls completed the Young Schema Questionnaire and symptom measures including the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded (BPRS-E). Results: The schizophrenia group had significantly higher scores than the healthy controls and lower scores than the depression group in most schemas. Compared with healthy controls, the schizophrenia group exhibited higher scores in 10 schemas, i.e., mistrust, social isolation, failure, dependence, vulnerability to harm, enmeshment, insufficient self-control, subjugation, emotional inhibition, and negativity schemas (all p<0.001). Moreover, vulnerability to harm, enmeshment, subjugation, and negativity schemas were correlated with total scores of the BPRS-E (0.37≤r≤0.43, all p<0.05). Regarding the five BPRS domains, emotional deprivation schema showed significant relationships with negative (r=0.50, p=0.005) and disorganization (r=0.39, p=0.033) symptoms, while no schemas showed correlations with positive symptoms. Conclusion: These results suggest that most schemas in patients with schizophrenia pertain to impaired autonomy and performance as well as disconnection and rejection domains and may improve our understanding and the treatment of schizophrenia from a perspective of schema therapy focused on these domains.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.129-137
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• 2023

This study presents a dry precast concrete (PC) beam-column connection, and its target seismic performance level is set to be emulative to the reinforced concrete (RC) intermediate moment resisting frame system specified in ACI 318 and ASCE 7. The key features include self-sustaining ability during construction with the dry mechanical splicing method, enabling emulative connection performances and better constructability. Test specimens with code-compliant seismic details were fabricated and tested under reversed cyclic loading, which included a PC beam-column connection specimen with dry connections and an RC control specimen. The test results showed that all the specimens failed in a similar failure mode due to plastic deformations in beam members, while the hysteretic response curve of the PC specimen showed comparable and emulative performances compared to the RC specimen. Seismic performance evaluation was quantitatively addressed, and on this basis, it confirmed that the presented system can fully satisfy all the required performance for the intermediate RC moment resisting frame.

• 재활복지
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.187-205
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• 2014

Is to identify how this affects the physically disabled to participate in the program 12 weeks Park Golf psychological well-being and happiness, the purpose of this research is subjective. How to study subjects, only 40-year-old disabled man more than 24 people total delay experimental group and 12 patients(failure cut seven, delayed dysfunction 5) and the control group and 12 patients(failure cut six, delayed dysfunction in 4, two people were involved in the joint disorder). 3 times a week(Mon, Wed, Fri), was carried out 50 minutes into 12 weeks of the experimental period, was located at River Park Golf Course A test place. We calculate the pre-and post-test data mean and standard deviation using SPSS Statistics 21.0 statistical data processing program, binary repeated measures ANOVA to analyze the effects on the psychological well-being of the disabled and subjective effects euphoria Park Golf Participation(was performed 2-way [2] RM ANOVA). First results in psychological well-being of the two groups according to Park Golf participate in group comparisons before and after the exercise involved only fun, immersive and shows were not significantly different, within each group enjoyment, competence, self-realization, all the children of the immersion showed a significant difference in the factors. Second, before and after participation in exercise, there was a significant difference between groups in subjective happiness of two groups according to Park Golf participation, the two groups were not significantly different within. Taken together the results to see more, showed that the positive effects on the psychological well-being and subjective happiness Park Golf participation is the Physically Disabled.